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Learning Objectives: Terminologies Human

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19 views41 pages

Learning Objectives: Terminologies Human

Uploaded by

tungaabxasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO

ANATOMY ANDY PHYSIOLOGY


LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 The difference between anatomy and physiology

 Branches of Anatomy.

 Levels of Organization

 Terminologies of Anatomy

 Human body systems


Definition of Anatomy
What is Anatomy?

Anatomy: Is the study of body


structure, which includes size, shape,
composition, and perhaps even
coloration.
Anatomy: Describes the structures

of the body including

 What they are made of

 Where they are located

 Associated structures
ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts.
Anatomy: is the study of the structure of the body the relationship of its
constituent parts to each other.

It studies of structure of body: the branch of science that studies the

physical structure of human body. It’s the Study that deals with the
structure and shape of the Body parts & their relationships to one another.

Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a GREEK word “ANATOME”

meaning to CUT UP. It is the study of structures that make up the body and
how those structures relate with each other.
Anatomy

u r e
c t Pa
tr u
S rts
Shape
BRANCHES OF ANATOMY
1) Gross anatomy: studies body structure without microscope. (The study of
human body with a naked eyes).

Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system for


examples Cardiovascular system, digestive system and etc. whereas.

Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. (Muscles, bones, blood


vessels, nerves etc)

Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy
2)Microscopic anatomy:
Microscopic anatomy: refers to the study of anatomy using microscope.
Cytology is the study of cells and histology is the study of tissues (tissues
are groups of cells).
MICROSCOPE
Important properties of
Microscopes
1. Magnification- the power of the microscope to enlarge the image of an
object.

2. Resolution- the power of the microscope to show detail clearly.


Eyepiece
Body Tube

Revolving Nosepiece
Arm
Objective Lens

Stage
Stage Clips
Coarse Focus
Diaphragm
Fine Focus
Light

Base
Definition of physiology
What is physiology?

Physiology: the study of the function of body parts.

Physiology: branch of biological science dealing with the

function of organs and organ systems.


Physiology is the study of how the body functions.
The physiology of red blood cells, for example, includes what these cells do,

how they do it, and how this is related to the functioning of the rest of
the body. Physiology is directly related to anatomy. For example, red blood
cells contain the mineral iron in molecules of the protein called

hemoglobin; this is an aspect of their anatomy. The presence of iron enables


red blood cells to carry oxygen, which is their function. All cells in the body

must receive oxygen in order to function properly, so the physiology of red


blood cells is essential to the physiology of the body as a whole
Physiology: the word physiology
derived from a Greek word for

study of nature. It is the study of how


the body and its part work or function.

Hence, Anatomy and physiology


are studied together to give students a

full appreciation and

understanding of human body.


Levels of Organization
STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

Atoms molecules and compounds: - At its simplest level, the body is

composed of atoms. The most common elements in living organism are

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Atoms → Molecule → Compounds.


LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Levels of organization:
• Cells Smallest

• Tissues

• Organs

• Organ Systems

• Organisms Largest
The levels of organization from simplest
to most complex are:
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• System
• Organism
Cells
Cell
Cell: The smallest independent units of life. All life depends on the many

chemical activities of cells. Some of the basic functions of cell are: growth,

metabolism, irritability and reproduction.


TISSUES
Tissue: tissue is made up of many similar cells that perform a

specific function. The various tissues of the body are divided in to

four groups. These are epithelial, connective, nervous and

muscle tissue.
Four Main Types of Human Tissue
Connective Tissue- Nervous Tissue-
provides structure carries messages to
and support and from the brain

Epithelial Tissue-forms the


Muscle Tissue- protective outer layer of skin
makes movement and the lining of major organs
possible and internal body cavities
ORGAN
Organ: - Is an integrated collection
of two or more kinds of tissue that

works together to perform specific

function. For example: Stomach is

made of all type of tissues.


SYSTEM
System: Is a group of organs that

work together to perform major

function. For example: Respiratory

system contains several organs.


Organ System
Organ systems-are groups of organs that work together to
complete a series of tasks.
Example: The digestive system is made up of the stomach,
the small intestines, the liver, and the large intestine. These
organs all work together to break down food.
ORGANISM LEVEL
Organism level: - The various organs of the body form the entire
organism.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Movement: change in position; motion

 Responsiveness: reaction to a change

Growth: increase in body size; no change in shape.

Reproduction: production of new organisms and new cells

Respiration: obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy


from foods.
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES
NO TERMS DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES
1. Superior (cranial) Toward the head. The leg is supper to the foot.

2. Inferior (caudal) Toward the feet. The foot is inferior to the leg.
3. Anterior (ventral) Toward the front part of the body. The nose is

anterior to the ears.


4. Posterior (dorsal) Towards the back of the body. The ears are

posterior to the nose.


5. Medial Towards the midline of the body. The nose is medial to
the eyes.
6. Lateral Away from the midline of the body. The eyes are
lateral to the nose.
7. Proximal Toward (nearer) the trunk of the body or the
attached end of a limb. The shoulder is proximal to the
wrist.
8. Distal Away (farther) from the trunk of the body or the
attached end of a limb. The wrist is distal to the forearm.
9. Superficial Nearer the surface of the body. The ribs are
superficial to the heart.
10. Deep Farther from the surface of the body. The heart is
deeper to the ribs.
11. Peripheral Away from the central axis of the body. Peripheral
nerves radiate away from the brain and spinal cord.
THE END

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