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L3 Chapter 3 Data Collection

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29 views

L3 Chapter 3 Data Collection

Uploaded by

andreanicollebautista09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Practical

Research 2
Data Gathering Techniques and
Instruments: Designing Research
Instruments and Establishing Content
Validity and Reliability
What to learn?
1.What is Quantitative Data?
2.What are the Techniques in
Collecting Quantitative Data and
Instruments used?
3.How to Construct Research
Instruments?
What is Quantitative Data?
• Pieces of information or facts known to
people that are measurable, numerical, and
related to a metrical system.
• Height Test Score Time
• Weight GWA/GPA Blood Count
• Age IQ Level Number of
Fruits
What is Data
Collection/gathering?
• Process of gathering/measuring
quantitative information from the
respondents/test subjects.
• It could answer the research
questions and/or solve the general
statement of the problem.
What is Research Instrument?

• Measurement device used by the


researchers in collecting,
measuring, and analyzing
information or quantitative data
from the respondents/test subjects.
What are the Techniques in
Collecting Quantitative Data and
Instruments used?
1.Observation
2.Survey
a. Questionnaire
b. Interview
3.Content Analysis
Observation Method

1.Empirical data collection method


2.Used in situations where the
respondents/test subjects cannot answer
the research questions.
3.Mostly used in experimental research.
4.May use measuring devices or checklists
Types of Observation Method

1.Direct Observation
a. Direct engagement of researchers in collecting
data using his/her five senses.
2.Indirect Observation
a. The use of technological and electronic gadgets
like audiotapes, video records, and other
recording devices used to capture earlier events,
images, or sounds.
Survey Method

• Gathering quantitative data using questionnaire and interview.


1. Sample Survey (Collection of data from samples to estimate the
attributes of the population)
2. Administrative Data (Survey on organizations day to day
operations and in updating records and developing MIS)
3. Census (Survey of a population of a given area, mostly used by
government agencies for planning and development strategies)
4. Tracer Studies (Form of survey usually sent to graduates of a
school used to gather data on work or employment data to
determine curriculum gaps)
Survey Method

1. Questionnaire
• Paper containing series of questions formulated for
an individual and independent answering by several
respondents for obtaining statistical information.
• Good for collecting data from a big number of
respondents situated in different places
• Printed or Soft copy
Types of Questionnaire
1. Standardized Questionnaire
• Validated, piloted, and revised questionnaire.
• Validity (Determines how well the questionnaire measures what it
intends to measure)
• External Validity
• Content Validity
• Reliability (Consistency of responses to the questions)
• Inter-Rater/Observer Reliability 3. Parallel-Forms Reliability
• Test-Retest Reliability 4. Internal
Consistency Reliability
2. Researcher-made Questionnaire
• Developed by researchers
Steps in Designing
Questionnaire
1. Background
• Craft the purpose and objective of the questionnaire
• What I want to know or measure?
2. Questionnaire Conceptualization
• Choose the response scale to use
• How are the respondents respond to the questions in our study?
• Dichotomous
• Likert Scale
Steps in Designing
Questionnaire
3. Establish the Validity of a Questionnaire
• Making sure it measures what it aims to measure
• Valid questionnaire helps to collect reliable and accurate
data
4. Establish the Reliability of the Questionnaire
• Consistency of responses over repeated measurements
• Test-retest Method
• Split half Method
Steps in Designing
Questionnaire
5. Pilot Testing of the Questionnaire
• Pre-testing to identify questions/statements not clear to
participants
• Relevance of questionnaire to the objective of the study
• 10-15 among the participants
• Remarks may ask from the participants
5. Revise the Questionnaire
• Questionnaire should match with the research objectives
Survey Method

2.Interview
• Researchers ask a set of questions orally
to be answered by respondents
• Can use recorder to minimize interview
effect
• Time consuming and expensive
Order of Interview Questions

1. FIRST SET OF QUESTIONS – opening questions


to establish friendly relationships, like questions
about the place, the time, the physical
appearance of the participant.
2.SECOND SET OF QUESTIONS – generative
questions to encourage open-ended questions like
those that ask about the respondents’ inferences,
views, or opinions about the interview topic.
Order of Interview Questions

3. THIRD SET OF QUESTIONS – directive questions or


close-ended questions to elicit specific answers like
those that are answerable with yes or no, with one type
of an object, or with definite period of time and the
like.
4. FOURTH SET OF QUESTIONS – ending questions that
give the respondents the chance to air their
satisfaction, wants, likes, dislikes, reactions, or
comments about the interview.
Guidelines in Formulating
Interview Questions
1. Use clear and simple language.
2. Avoid using acronyms, abbreviations, jargons, and highfalutin terms.
3. Let one question elicit only one answer; no double-barrel question.
4. Express your point in exact, specific, bias-free, and gender-free
language.
5. Give way to how your respondents want themselves to be identified.
6. Establish continuity or free flow of the respondents’ thoughts by using
appropriate follow-up questions (e.g., Could you give an example of it?
Would you mind narrating what happened next?).
7. Ask questions in a sequential manner; determine which should be your
opening, middle, or closing questions.

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