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Lecture1 _ Introduction

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Lecture1 _ Introduction

Uploaded by

Nesma Ebrahim Elsayd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Systems II

Lecture 1 : Database Overview


Course Information

Materials:
1.Course book

2.References book
Elmasri & Navathe, “Fundamentals of database
systems”, 6th ed.

Connolly & Begg, “Database system database A


Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and
Management, 4th ed.
Course Information

Assesment
60% final exam
10% Practical Exam
10% Oral Exam
20% mid-term Exam

 Lab work
Ms SQL server
What is database?
• “A set of information held in a computer”

• “One or more large structured sets of


persistent data, usually associated with
software to update and query the data”

• “A collection of data arranged for ease and


speed of search and retrieval”
What is database?
• A shared collection of logically related data, and a description
of this data, designed to meet the information needs of an
organization.

ERD diagram
What is database?
• A shared collection of logically related
data, and a description of this data
(metadata), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
Why study database?
• File based systems
• Data is stored in files
• Each file has a specific format
• Programs that use these files depend on knowledge
about that format
Why study database?
• Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
• Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files
• Difficulty in accessing data
• Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
• Data isolation — multiple files and formats
• Integrity problems
• Integrity constraints - Hard to add new constraints or
change existing ones
Why study database?
• Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
• Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state
with partial updates carried out
• Concurrent access by multiple users
• Concurrent access needed for performance
• Security problems
• Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
Why study database?
• Implications of file systems drawbacks:
• Waste of space
• Data inaccuracies
• High overhead of data manipulation and
maintenance

Database systems offer solutions to all the above


problems
Database System vs. File
System
Limitations of file-based systems
• Separation and isolation of data
When data is isolated in separate files, it is more difficult to access data
that should be available.
• Duplication of data
Owing to the decentralized approach, is wasteful. It costs time and money
to enter the data more than once, takes up additional storage space and
duplication can lead to loss of data integrity
• Data dependence
• Incompatible file formats
• Because the structure of files is embedded in the application programs,
the structures are dependent on the application programming language.
• Fixed queries/proliferation of application programs
• file-based systems are very dependent upon the application developer,
who has to write any queries or reports that are required.
(Database) Application
Programs
• Application A computer program that interacts with the
database by issuing an program appropriate request (typically
an SQL statement) to the DBMS.
Views
• With this functionality, the DBMS is an extremely powerful
and useful tool.
• The end-users are not too interested in how complex or easy a
task is for the system

Database processing.
Views
views benefits:
1.Views provide a level of security
2.Views provide a mechanism to customize the
appearance of the database.
3.A view can present a consistent, unchanging
picture of the structure of the database
Data Management
User/Application

Query Query Query

Data

DataBase Management System (DBMS)


What is DBMS?
• DBMS is a software system that enables users to define, create,
maintain, and control access to the database.

• DBMS Functions:

1. The DBMS provides a Data Definition Language (DDL), which


allows users to define the database, and a Data Manipulation
Language (DML), which allows users to insert, update, delete, and
retrieve data from the database.
2. The DBMS provides controlled access to the database.
3. provides data dictionaries and metadata collections useful in data
handling.
Components of the DBMS
Environment

DBMS environment.
DBMS Functions cont.
3. The DBMS provides controlled access to the database.
•For example, it may provide:
•– a security system, which prevents unauthorized users accessing
the database;
•– an integrity system, which maintains the consistency of stored
data;
•– a concurrency control system, which allows shared access of the
database;
•a recovery control system, which restores the database to a
previous consistent state following a hardware or software failure;
Advantages of database approach
 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same amount of data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity
 Improved security
 Enforcement of standards
 Economy of scale
 Balance of conflicting requirements
 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services
Disadvantages of the database
approach:
• Complexity
• Size
• Cost of DBMSs
• Additional hardware costs
• Cost of conversion
• Performance
• Higher impact of a failure
Course outline

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