Paragraph

Writing
Paragraph is the arrangement of different sentences in order to
develop one idea. All sentences must be related to the topic. The
following qualities are very important for an effective and organic
paragraph. The are called the principles:
 PARAGRAPH’S WRITING

Principles of paragraph
1.Unity
It means that all sentences must be related to the topic. They
must connect ideas one after other like bricks. Every idea must
be linked logically to the main theme of the topic. The topic of a
paragraph is often expressed in one sentence – generally the first.
It is called topical sentence because it states the topic or key
sentence.
 NOW STUDY THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH. IT LACKS UNITY.

There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend Christian University next year.
Applying to a college is a terribly complicated process. Some of my friends chose colleges
for very bad reasons. John has never been to college. I have met his grandfather, and he still
has an incredibly sharp mind for a man of his age. Susan chose a university because the food
in the region was said to be quite good. Susan is really not too clever, I suppose, so I
shouldn’t criticize her. Actually, I think it was her father who made the choice for her.

None of the above sentences discusses the topic “two main reasons” for choosing
ChristianUniversity.
Rewrite the same paragraph in a more unified fashion like this:

There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend Christian University next
year. First of all, there is the question of money. Christian’s tuition is reasonable,
and I don’t have to pay it all at once. This is important since my father is not a rich
man. With Christian’s deferred payment plan,” my father will be able to pay my
tuition without too much difficulty. The second reason is the fine education
which I feel I will receive there in agriculture, my chosen field. It is a well-known
fact the Christian hires only the finest professors in its Agriculture Department.
Moreover, the university requires all agriculture students to gain practical
experience by working on farms in the area while they are still attending the
university.
2. Coherence (logical order and connection)
If we have more than one paragraph, then there should be proper order among
various paragraphs. Ideas must be developed in proper order. First we must write
more important, then less important and then least important. At last we should
give the conclusion to the topic so that there should be no confusion in the reader’s
mind. Events must be related in the order of their occurrence, and all ideas should
be connected with the leading and arranged according to their importance or order.
3.Variety
A third principal of paragraph construction is variety by which is meant, to avoid monotony. The paragraph
of the composition should be of different lengths.

The day before yesterday we had a football match. We all went to the ground and dressed
ourselves. Then our manager gave some important instructions . The match started and we
played well. At the end our team won the game.
Besides, we invited the host team to visit us in the coming holidays. They accepted our
invitation and we all returned with jubilation.

when we reached our hometown everybody welcomed warmly. We were given some gifts and
some of our elders had arranged a supper party on the condition if we would come with
winning position. We enjoyed the party and went to our homes with new spirits that the
coming trophy would be ours.
 PARTS OF PARAGRAPH

1. Topic Sentence

2. Supporting Sentence

3. Concluding/Restatement
 Arrange them in logical order
1) It relates to whatever gives immediate pleasure or pain to the human
mind.
2) poetry is the language of the imagination and passion.
3) He who has a contempt for poetry cannot have much respect for
himself, or for anything else.
4) It comes home to the bosoms and businesses of men; for nothing but
what comes home to them in the most general and intelligible shape
can be a subject for poetry.
5) Poetry is the universal language which the heart holds with nature and
itself.
6) Whenever there is a sense of beauty, or power, or harmony , as in the
motion of a wave of the sea, in the growth of a flower, there is poetry
in its birth.
Poetry is the language of the imagination and passion. It relates to
whatever gives immediate pleasure or pain to the human mind. It
comes home to the bosoms and businesses of men; for nothing but
what comes home to them in the most general and intelligible shape
can be a subject for poetry. Poetry is the universal language which
the heart holds with nature and itself. He who has a contempt for
poetry cannot have much respect for himself, or for anything
else. Whenever there is a sense of beauty, or power, or harmony , as
in the motion of a wave of the sea, in the growth of a flower, there is
poetry in its birth. William Hazlitt
“in the spirit of the age”
TYPES OF
PARAGRAPHS

1. The narrative paragraph

• tells a story

2. The descriptive paragraph

• describes something

3. The persuasive paragraph.

• tries to convince the audience

4. The expository or explanatory paragraph

• gives information or explains something
WHAT IS A NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH?
• Narrative paragraphs are most distinctively used in fiction. As such, they
will contain all necessary components of action development: setting, goal,
obstacle, climax.

• Writing a narrative paragraph requires, consequently sequential order. There

are many elements which can be included in the body of a narrative
paragraph but, if it is composed correctly, then paragraph will be more
depictive.

• Narrative paragraphs need to be chronological and logical. Action can use

flashbacks and retrospection (‫س نگري‬
‌ ‫‌پ‬،) in order to move the story
forward.
Example of a Narrative Paragraph

On Christmas Eve, around 1812, Pip, a boy around the age of six, encountered

an escaped convict in the village churchyard while visiting his mother and father's

and younger brothers' graves. The convict scared Pip into stealing food for him

and a file to grind-away his leg shackles. He warned Pip not to tell anyone

and to do as he says or his young friend will cut out Pip's heart and liver. Pip

returned home, where he lived with his older sister Mrs. Joe, whose name was

later revealed to be Georgiana Maria, and her husband Joe Gargery. His sister was

very cruel and beats him as well as her husband with various objects regularly;

however, Joe was much kinder to Pip. Pip's sister, called Mrs. Joe throughout the

novel, often reminds Pip that she was the one who "brought him up by hand".

Early the next morning, Pip stole food and drink from the Gargery pantry

(including a pie for their Christmas feast) and sneaked out to the graveyard. It was

the first time in Pip’s life he’s felt truly guilty.

 DESCRIPTIVE ‌PARAGRAPH
• The purpose of descriptive writing is to make our readers see, feel, and hear
what we have seen, felt, and heard. Whether we're describing a person, a place,
or a thing, our aim is to reveal a subject through vivid and carefully selected
details.
• The author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples.
It provides details about how something looks feels, tastes, smells, makes one
feel, or sounds
• Mostly descriptive writing is based on simple present tense and has the
description of the existed elements.
•
My Son Joshua
• My eight year old son, Joshua, stands out in a crowd of children because of his
distinctive appearance and gentle manner. The first thing I notice when I look at him
is his size. He stands at shoulder height next to me; indeed, he is a head taller than
other children his age, and is definitely stronger. Also remarkable is his red hair; it is
thick, and styled in an old-fashioned boy cut. Joshua’s chubby face is fair, with
freckles lightly dotting his exceptionally boyish features. His eyes are pale blue, and
his eyebrows blond; in fact, white, in contrast with his red hair. His lips are full and
somewhat feminine, and his newly-grown permanent teeth, which appear large
alongside his remaining baby teeth, have a wide gap. His shoulders are broad, his
chest juts out, and his belly is plump. His forearms are bulky, and will someday be
powerful. When we hold hands, his hands feel nearly as large as mine, and are
unexpectedly soft. His legs are sturdy and strong. His ankles are also solid;
consequently, he can’t wear boots. His feet are size 6 and wide. Despite his
appearance, Joshua is unexpectedly sensitive and caring; in fact, he still likes to sit
on my lap, somewhat strange. He likes to open doors for me, tend his little brother,
and help me grocery shop. From head to toe he is a contradiction; although he is
only eight years old, he is big and strong, while loving and gentle, and that makes
him stand out from other children, at least in my eyes.
 Narrative vs. Descriptive
• Narrative writing is from the authors’ point of
view. So, its like: 'I thought the view out of the
window was very pretty’.

• Descriptive writing is describing things as they are

without a point of view. Like: 'The sun was
shining, making the day very hot’.
 WHAT IS EXPOSITORY WRITING?
Have you ever told someone else any of these things?
• How to get from your home to your job?

1. If so, then you have given an expository presentation. Expository

writing explains the subject to the readers.

2. Details in an expository paragraph are informative, clear and carefully

arranged so that the readers can understand it easily.

3. Expository writings are written by writers to demonstrate and convey their

knowledge about a particular topic.
4. The writer of an expository text cannot assume that the reader or listener
has prior knowledge or understanding of the topic that is being discussed.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXPOSITORY
AND CREATIVE (IMAGINARY) WRITING

Expository writing Creative or imaginary writing

1. The content of an expository 1. while the content of a creative

essay is factual and straight- writing is imaginative.
forward.
2. but creative stories are
2. Expository essays are designed for a specific
written for a general audience
audience.
2. while a creative story uses an
2. The writing style of an informal and artistic style.
expository essay is formal,
standard and academic.
 Sample#1
Are you looking for a place to live? Do you know what kind of
housing you want? Do you know where you want to live? There are
many ways to find out about housing. For example, you can start by
telling people that you are looking. Neighbor, friends, and people
you work with may know of a place that hasn’t even been
advertised. Next, if you know which area you want to live in, visit
the area. Watch for “For Sale” or “For Rent” signs. You might ask
people on the street if they know of any places in the area. One the
best ways to look for housing, though, is to look in the real estate
section of the newspaper. The ads there will give you a good chance
to compare prices. They also may give you ideas about other kinds
of housing. Finding a place to live will be easier if you use several
plans in you search.
 Example of Expository writing
There are several reasons why so many people attend the
Olympic games or watch them on television. One reason is
tradition. The name Olympics and the torch and flame remind
people of the ancient games. People can escape the

ordinariness (ordinary) of daily life by attending or watching

the Olympics. They like to identify with someone else's
individual sacrifice and accomplishment. National pride is
another reason, and an athlete's or a team's hard earned
victory becomes a nation's victory. There are national medal
counts and people keep track of how many medals their
country's athletes have won.
 Exercise
Arrange the given sentences in a logical order to develop
an expository paragraph:

a. ____Next, they will learn to stay on their feet, but for a while they will stay upright
only as long as they hold on.
b. 1___Babies go through several stages in learning to walk.
c. ____The first stage that all babies go through is pulling themselves to their feet
while holding onto a piece of furniture.
d. ____Some babies begin by creeping. Not every baby creeps, though.
e. ____Then they will take steps if you hold only one hand.
f. ____Babies will hold on to you as well as on to furniture. Soon, they will take
steps forward as you hold both their hands .
g. ____Don’t worry if your baby isn’t the first in the neighborhood to walk. Babies
learn to walk at different times, and they can’t learn before they are ready.
 PERSUASIVE PARAGRAPH
Ponder about the given statements:

“seeing is believing” “prove it to me”

• From these phrases we get the idea that someone needs to be

persuaded. Persuasive writing tries to convince the reader to the
writer point of view.

• The writer presents an opinion and supports it with good reasons

which must be logically arranged. The best reason is usually comes
last. All information must be based on factual, logical details.
 Sample
The city should build a shelter at each bus stop in the
business district. First of all, shelters along busy streets
would make the stops easy to find. Shelters also would
provide a new way for business to advertise. Finally,
shelters would give protection from the weather;
commuters could wait for their buses in greater comfort.
Workers in the business district would welcome shelters
along the bus routes because they would enjoy life there.
 Sample Persuasive Paragraph

Topic: The Best Vacation

The best vacation is a trip to the beach. There is a lot to do at

the beach. You can go swimming, build a sandcastle, or maybe
even go surfing. The beach is very relaxing. Many people enjoy
listening to the sound of the ocean and lying in the sun. When
you plan your next vacation, be sure to remember that the
beach is your best choice.
 Exercise
Write short paragraphs with unity, coherence and Varity on any
one of the following topics;

1. HR plays a very important role in the organization.

2. The role of Banking in the development of a country.
3. How to implement Islamic banking in the Muslim-Ummah.
4. Gratitude ‫‌قدر داني‬
5. Humanity
6. Examination
7. Peace and Security, the main source of development of a country
Best of luck

Remember Nouri in your prayers