Introduction to Electricity

Electricity

Movement of electrons
Invisible force that provides
light, heat, sound, motion . . .
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Elements - The simplest form of matter

Atoms - Smallest piece of an element containing all of

the properties of that element
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Components of an Atom
Nucleus
The center portion of
an atom containing the
protons and neutrons
Protons
Positively charged
atomic particles
Neutrons
Uncharged atomic
particles
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Atomic Number
The atomic number is
equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus
of an atom.

The atomic number

identifies the element.

How many
protons are in
this nucleus?
Electricity at the Atomic Level

Electrons
Negatively charged
particles
Electron Orbitals
Orbits in which
electrons move around 2D
3D
the nucleus of an atom
Valence Electrons
The outermost ring of
electrons in an atom
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Orbits
Orbit Maximum
Number Electrons
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 50
6 72
Valence
8
Orbit

Orbits closest to the nucleus fill first

Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Orbits
Atoms like to have their valence ring either
filled (8) or empty(0) of electrons.
Copper
How many electrons are
Cu in the valence orbit? 1
29
Is copper a conductor
or insulator? Conductor

Why?
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Orbits

Sulfur

S
16

How many electrons are in the valence orbit?

6
Is Sulfur a conductor or insulator?
Insulator
Why?
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Flow
An electron from one orbit can knock out an
electron from another orbit.

When an atom loses an

electron, it seeks another
to fill the vacancy.

Copper

Cu
29
Electricity at the Atomic Level
Electron Flow
Electricity is created as electrons collide and
transfer from atom to atom.

Play Animation
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators

Electrons flow easily Electron flow is difficult

between atoms between atoms

1-3 valence electrons in 5-8 valence electrons in

outer orbit outer orbit

Examples: Silver, Examples: Mica, Glass,

Copper, Gold, Aluminum Quartz
Conductors and Insulators
Identify conductors and insulators

Conductors Insulators
Static Electricity Exist in Nature
Lightning is a form of electricity. It is electrons moving from one cloud
to another or jumping from a cloud to the ground
 James Prescott Joules
Dec. 24,2018 – Oct. 11, 1889
English Physicist and brewer, born in Salford,
Lancashire. Studied the Nature of Heat, and
Discovered its relationship to mechanical work
 Turbine Generator

Generator is a device that converts

mechanical energy into electrical energy
How Electricity is Generated?
Non-Renewable
• Fossil Fuels Generation
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear Power

Renewable
• Biomass
• Wind Power
• Geothermal power
• Solar Power Induction
• Hydroelectric
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

I. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student should be
able to:
1. Define electrical circuit
2. Enumerate the properties of an
electrical circuit
3. Illustrate different properties in
making electrical circuit.
Direction: Word hint: (Complete the
following word connected to the pictures)

H_dr_el_ct_ic
Hydroelectric
S_l_r
Solar P_w_r
Power
F_ss_l
Fossil F_el Power
Fuel P_w_r
G_n_rator
Generator
PEN STOP
Direction: Each group will be given time to
pass the pen to their members. When the
music stops. Person who have the pen will be
given work for the performance task.
(Reporter, Leader, illustrator)
Electrical Circuit
A system of conductors and
components forming a complete
path for current to travel

Properties of an electrical circuit include

Voltage Volts V
Current Amps A
Resistance Ohms Ω
Current
The flow of electric charge
- measured in AMPERES (A)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off,

is there any flow (current)?
NO
When the faucet (switch) is on,
is there any flow (current)?
YES
Current in a Circuit

off on

When the switch is off, there is no current.

When the switch is on, there is current.
Current Flow
Conventional Current assumes
that current flows out of the positive
side of the battery, through the
Conventional
circuit, and back to the negative Current
side of the battery. This was the
convention established when
electricity was first discovered, but
it is incorrect!
Electron Flow is what actually
happens. The electrons flow out of Electron
the negative side of the battery, Flow

through the circuit, and back to the

positive side of the battery.
Engineering vs. Science
The direction that the current flows does not affect what the
current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which
convention is used as long as you are consistent.
Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In
general, the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas
the engineering disciplines use Conventional Current.
Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional
Current .

Electron Conventional
Flow Current
Voltage
The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
- measured in VOLTS (V)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

When the faucet (switch) is off, is there any pressure (voltage)?

YES – Pressure (voltage) is pushing against the pipe, tank, and
the faucet.
When the faucet (switch) is on, is there any pressure (voltage)?
YES – Pressure (voltage) pushes flow (current) through the
system.
Voltage in a Circuit

off on

The battery provides voltage that will push

current through the bulb when the switch is on.
Resistance
The opposition of current flow
- measured in Ohms (Ω)

Tank (Battery) Faucet (Switch)

Pipe (Wiring)

What happens to the flow (current) if a rock

gets lodged in the pipe?
Flow (current) decreases.
Resistance in a Circuit

Resistor

off on

Resistors are components that create resistance.

Reducing current causes the bulb to become
more dim.
Summary of Topic

1. What is Electrical Circuit? Properties

of Electrical Circuit?
2. What incident can you associate with
the properties of electrical circuit?
3. How would you differentiate
properties of electrical circuit?
4. Is it important to know the different
electrical circuit? Why or why not?
 5
Task no. 1 Minutes
Directions:
Each group will illustrate the electrical circuit.
And explain the properties of electrical circuit.

Rubrics Criteria:

Workmanship – 30%
Creativity – 30%
Accuracy – 40%
 Quiz no. 2
Directions: From the choices above, choose and
write the letter of the correct answer.
a.Voltage b. current flow c. resistance
d. electric circuit e. Conventional Current
1. A system of conductors and
components forming a complete path for
current to travel.
2. Assumes that current flows out of the
positive side of the battery, through the
circuit, and back to the negative side of
the battery.
 Quiz no. 2
Directions: From the choices above, choose and
write the letter of the correct answer.
a.Voltage b. current flow c. resistance
d. electric circuit e. Conventional Current
3. What actually happens. The electrons
flow out of the negative side of the
battery, through the circuit, and back to
the positive side of the battery.
4. The force (pressure) that causes
current to flow
 Quiz no. 2
Directions: From the choices above, choose and
write the letter of the correct answer.
a.Voltage b. current flow c. resistance
d. electric circuit e. Conventional Current

5. The opposition of current flow

Answers:
1. d 2. e 3. b 4. a 5. c
Assignment:
1. Explain basic concepts in
electrical installation and
maintenance. Ohms law
2. Write and provide example
formula for ohms law.
 Thank you!!!
have a nice day ahead
 OHM’S LAW
I. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student
should be able to:
1. Define Ohm’s Law
2. Enumerate the formula for the
properties of ohm’s law
3. Solve problems in finding the
property of electricity.
 OHM’S LAW
Review
1. What is Electrical circuit
2. What are the properties of
electrical circuit
3. Differentiate electron flow and
conventional current
 OHM’S LAW
Finding name mo!
Direction:
1. Write your name in 1/8 sheet of paper
2. Exchange paper with other group
3. Representative of the group, will name their
classmates from the other group.
Multimeter
An instrument used to measure the
properties of an electrical circuit,
including
Voltage Volts
Current Amps
Resistance Ohms
Measuring Voltage
Set multimeter to the proper V range.
Measure across a component.

Switch

Battery

Resistor

Light
Measuring Current
Set multimeter to the proper ADC range.
Circuit flow must go through the meter.

Switch

Battery

Resistor

Light
Measuring Resistance
Set multimeter to the proper Ohms range.
Measure across the component being tested.
Power must be off or removed from the circuit.
Switch

Battery

Resistor

Light
Ohm’s Law
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the
voltage applied to it and is inversely proportional to the
resistor’s value
The mathematical relationship between current, voltage,
and resistance

If you know 2 of the 3 quantities, you can solve for the third.
Quantities Abbreviation Units Symbols
s
Voltage V Volts V
Current I Amperes A
Resistance R Ohms Ω

V=IR I=V/R R=V/I

Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for V
V
V=IR
I xR
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for I
V
I=V/R
I R
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.

Solve for R
V
R=V/I
I R
Example: Ohm’s Law
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery
and has a bulb with a resistance of 150 .
When the flashlight is on, how much
current will be drawn from the battery?
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-

VR 6V
IR   0.04 A 40 mA
R 150 
 Activity 1
Direction:
1. Each group will present home electrical
circuit and provide how they will determine or
check the properties of electric circuit
2. Exchange paper with other group
3. Representative of the group, will name their
classmates from the other group.
Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
• Components are • Both ends of the components
connected end-to-end. are connected together.
• There is only a single • There are multiple paths for
path for current to flow. current to flow.

Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all of the voltage drops in a
series circuit equals the total applied voltage

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

The total current in a parallel circuit equals
the sum of the individual branch currents
Series Circuits
A circuit that contains only one path for current flow
If the path is open anywhere in the circuit, current
stops flowing to all components.
Series Circuits
Characteristics of a series circuit
• The current flowing through every series component is
equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the
resistances (i.e., R1 + R2 + R3).
• The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR3) is equal
to the total applied voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law. I +
V
-
R1

+ +
VT VR2
- -

- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -

- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
RT  R1  R2  R3
RT  220   470   1.2 k 
RT  1900   1.9 k

Current Through Each Component:

VT V
IT  (Ohm's Law)
RT
I R
12 v
IT  6.3 mAmp
1.89 k

Since this is a series circuit:

IT  IR1  IR2 IR3 6.3 mAmp
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Voltage Across Each Component:
VR1  IR1 R1  (Ohm's Law)
VR1  6.349 mA 220 Ω 1.397 volts

VR2  IR2 R2 (Ohm's Law) V

VR2  6.349 mA 470 Ω 2.984 volts I R

VR3  IR3 R3 (Ohm's Law)

VR3  6.349 mA 1.2 K Ω 7.619 volts
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

VT  VR1  VR2  VR3

12 v  1.397 v  2.984 v  7.619 v
12 v  12 v
Parallel Circuits
A circuit that contains more than one path for
current flow
If a component is removed, then it is possible
for the current to take another path to reach
other components.
Parallel Circuits
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
• The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocal:
1 1 1 1 1
   RT 
R T R1 R 2 R 3 1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
• The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 +
IR3) is equal to the total current (IT). This is called
Kirchhoff’s Current Law. I T

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

RT
Example Parallel Circuits
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

IT

IR1 IR2 IR3

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

62
RT
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
R1 R2 R3
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
470  2.2 k 3.3 k

RT 346.59 = 350 
Voltage Across Each Component:
Since this is a parallel circuit :
VT VR1 VR2  VR3 15 volts
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1  (Ohm's Law)
R1

VR1 15 v
IR1    31.915 mA=32 mA
R1 470 

VR2 15 v
IR2   6.818 mA = 6.8 mA
R2 2.2 k 

V 15 v V
IR3  R3  4.545 mA= 4.5mA
R3 3.3 k 
I R

VT 15 v
IT   43.278 mA = 43 mA
RT 346.59 
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

IT  IR1  IR2  IR3

43.278 mA=31.915 mA+6.818 mA+4.545 mA

43.278 mA (43 mA) 43.278 mA (43mA)

Combination Circuits
Contain both series and parallel arrangements

What would happen if you removed light 1? light

2? light 3?

2 3
Electrical Power
Electrical power is directly related to
the amount of current and voltage
within a system.

P I  V
Power is measured in watts
Image Resources

Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip Art. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx