Cellular Transport

Biotechnology | 2ND Quarter

OBJECTIVES
A. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to
grow and divide and to make needed materials.
B. Relate cell structures (cell membrane, nucleus,
cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria) to basic
cell functions.
C. Explain that cells are organized into tissues,
tissues into organs, organs into systems, and
systems into organisms.
D. Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems
serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food, and
waste removal.
 Terms to Know
Concentration – the amount of solute in a solution.

Solute – the dissolved substance in a solution.

Solution – a mixture in which two or more

substances are mixed evenly.

Concentration gradient - the gradual difference in

the concentration of solutes in a solution between
two regions.
 Cell Membrane (Transport)
Cell Membrane and Cell Wall:
• ALL cells have a cell membrane made of proteins and lipids
protein channel

Layer 1
Cell
Membrane Layer 2

lipid bilayer protein pump

• SOME cells have cell walls – ex: plants, fungi and bacteria

Cell
Membrane

Cell Wall
• Plant cells have a cell wall
made of cellulose – that
cellulose is fiber in our diet

• Bacteria and fungi also

have cell walls, but they
do not contain cellulose

• Cell membranes and cell

walls are porous allowing
water, carbon dioxide,
oxygen and nutrients to
pass through easily
Function of the Cell Membrane:
• Cell membrane separates the components of a cell
from its environment—surrounds the cell
• “Gatekeeper” of the cell—regulates the flow of
materials into and out of cell—selectively permeable
• Cell membrane helps cells maintain homeostasis—
stable internal balance
 • Animations of Active
Types of Cellular Transport Transport & Passive
Transport
Weeee!!!
• Passive Transport
cell doesn’t use energy
1. Diffusion
high
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Osmosis
low

• Active Transport
cell does use energy This is
gonna be
1. Protein Pumps hard
work!!
2. Endocytosis high

3. Exocytosis
low
• Diffusion is the movement of small particles across a
selectively permeable membrane like the cell membrane
until equilibrium is reached.

These particles move from an area of high concentration

to an area of low concentration.

outside of cell

inside of cell
 DIFFUSION

HIGH to LOW concentration

• Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane like the cell membrane.

Water diffuses across a membrane from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration.

Semi-permeable
membrane is
permeable to water,
but not to sugar
Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute
relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When
a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses
out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.

Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of solute

relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When
a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses
into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode.

Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute

as another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is
placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and
out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the
body cells is isotonic.
Interactive Red Blood Cell
Click
Osmosis—Elodea Leaf
 Effects of Osmosis on Life
• Osmosis- diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane
• Water is so small and there is so much of it the
cell can’t control it’s movement through the cell
membrane.
 • Osmosis Animations
for isotonic,
Hypotonic Solution hypertonic, and
hypotonic solutions

Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of

solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the
cell. (Low solute; High water)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell):

Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
 • Osmosis Animations
for isotonic,
Hypertonic Solution hypertonic, and
hypotonic solutions

Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of

solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the
cell. (High solute; Low water)

shrinks

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution:
Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
 • Osmosis Animations
for isotonic,

Isotonic Solution hypertonic, and

hypotonic solutions

Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is

equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell

remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)
What type of solution are these cells in?

A B C

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

 How Organisms Deal with • Paramecium (protist
) removing excess w
ater video
Osmotic Pressure
•Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from
over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall
is called tugor pressure.
•A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that
collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them from
over-expanding.
•Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so they
do not dehydrate.
•Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the blood
isotonic by remove excess salt and water.
• Facilitated Diffusion is the movement of larger
molecules like glucose through the cell membrane –
larger molecules must be “helped”
Proteins in the cell membrane form channels for large
molecules to pass through
Proteins that form channels (pores) are called protein
channels

Glucose molecules
outside of cell

inside of cell
Click
Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules
from LOW to HIGH concentration.
Energy is required as molecules must be pumped
against the concentration gradient.
Proteins that work as pumps are called protein
pumps.

outside of cell Carbon Dioxide

molecules

inside of cell
 Sodium-Potassium Pump
• When this pump is in operation,
sodium ions are pumped out of the
cell, and potassium ions are pumped
into the cell. Both ions move from
areas of lower to higher concentration,
so ATP is needed to provide energy for
this “uphill” process.
 Vesicle Transport
• Some molecules, such as proteins, are too
large to pass through the plasma membrane,
regardless of their concentration inside and
outside the cell. Very large molecules cross
the plasma membrane with a different sort of
help, called vesicle transport. Vesicle
transport requires energy, so it is also a form
of active transport. There are two types of
vesicle transport: endocytosis and exocytosis.
• Endocytosis is the type of vesicle
transport that moves a substance into the
cell. The plasma membrane completely
engulfs the substance, a vesicle pinches
off from the membrane, and the vesicle
carries the substance into the cell. When
an entire cell is engulfed, the process is
called phagocytosis(eating). When fluid is
engulfed, the process is called pinocytosis
(drinking).
Ex: White Blood Cells, which are part of the immune
system, surround and engulf bacteria by endocytosis.
 Types of Active Transport

2. Exocytosis: Forces material Endocytosis & Exo

cytosis
out of cell in bulk animations
• membrane surrounding the
material fuses with cell
membrane
• Cell changes shape –
requires energy
• EX: Hormones or wastes
released from cell
• Endocytosis and Exocytosis is the mechanism by which
very large molecules (such as food and wastes) get into
and out of the cell

Food is moved into the

cell by Endocytosis

Wastes are moved out

of the cell by
Exocytosis
CELL DIVISION
Cell division happens as a part of
the “cell cycle”. The eukaryotic cell
cycle consists of two major
phases: interphase and mitotic
cell division.
 G1 PHASE
The period immediately
after cell division, the
duplication of the
chromosome is the G1
phase (short for “first
gap”, referring to the first
gap in DNA synthesis).
During this phase, the
cell acquires nutrients
from its environment,
carries out its specialized
function and grows
 S PHASE
S phase stands
for “synthesis”,
occurs during
DNA replication
and duplication
of each
chromosome.
G2 PHASE
The cell is already
committed to cell
division and most
of the phase is
spent in
synthesizing
molecules other
than DNA that are
required for cell
division.
Representation of Body Cells and
Sex Cells
 TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
Mitosis is a process of nuclear division
wherein two genetically identical
daughter cells with the same number of
chromosomes as their parent cell are
produce. Mitosis happens in body cells or
somatic cells. In mitosis, each daughter
cell is diploid that has a complete set of
chromosomes (2n), which is similar to
that of the parent cell.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bq1To_RKEo&t=24s

CLICK THE VIDEO LINK ABOVE

ABOUT MITOSIS
Meiosis generates sex cells (gametes), the parent cell
divides into four daughter cells that each contain half
the number of chromosomes (haploid cells).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQu6Yfrr6j0&t=219s

CLICK THE VIDEO LINK ABOVE

ABOUT MEIOSIS
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
PRODUCTION
ENERGY FLOW: FROM SUNLIGHT TO
PLANTS TO ANIMALS
Adenosine Triphosphate which is often
referred to as ATP, is a high-energy particle
found in the cells of the human body,
creatures, plants, and others. It is appropriate
for putting away and providing the energy
required by cells. In this way, it is normally
known as the energy currency of the cell or
“molecular unit of currency”. When used in
metabolic procedures, it changes over either
to Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) or to
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP).
STRUCTURE OF ATP
 TWO BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Photosynthesis is a
process that occurs
in chloroplasts by
which certain living
plant cell absorbs
solar energy to
make food.
GENERAL EQUATION:

There are sets of reactions that take place during

photosynthesis: the light reaction (Photolysis) where ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH2 (Nicotinamide
Adenosine Dinucleotide Hydrogen Phosphate) are formed
in the process called photophosphorylation, and the dark
reaction (Carbon fixation) also known as Calvin Cycle,
where ATP and NADPH are utilized as sources of energy
to fix and reduce carbon dioxide.
GENERAL EQUATION:

Cellular Respiration describes the process of breakdown of fuel

molecules in the presence of oxygen with a resulting release of energy
which occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria of a living cell. It is called
an aerobic process because these series of reaction is oxygen
dependent. Organisms that do not “breathe” oxygen, such as a certain
microorganism, make ATP by a process known as fermentation. This
process consists of glycolysis (an initial series of reaction of cellular
respiration) and one or two additional reactions that take place
anaerobically (does not require oxygen).