Scribd
Upload
17 views

Module3-Dynamic Response of A System

Uploaded by

trickyfreeky4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

Module3-Dynamic Response of A System

Uploaded by

trickyfreeky4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 60

Chapter 5.

Basic
Processing Unit
SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
To execute an instruction, processor has to perform following 3
steps:
 Fetch contents of memory-location pointed to by PC.

Content of this location is an instruction to be executed.


The instructions are loaded into IR, Symbolically, this
operation is written as:
IR [[PC]]
 Increment PC by 4.

PC[PC] +4
 Carry out the actions specified by instruction (in the IR).

The first 2 steps are referred to as Fetch Phase.


Step 3 is referred to as Execution Phase.
Fault finding techniques
There are a no of techniques used to detect the faults.
Replication checks: Duplicating or replicating an activity and
comparing results.
Repeating an operation
Duplicate system and comparing results
expensive option

Expected value checks: Software errors are detected by


Checking whether a expected value is obtained when specific numerical
input is given.
If expected value is not obtained then the result is fault.

Timing checks: Timing check that some function is carried out within
a specified time.
Watchdog timers
Fault finding techniques
 Reversal checks: If there is a direct relationship between
input and output.
The value of output is taken and input is computed and then
compared with actual input.
 Parity and error coding checks: This form of checking is
commonly used for detecting memory and data transmission errors.
Communication channels are frequently subjected to interference
and hence affect the data being transmitted.

 Diagnostic checks: Test the behavior of components in a


system.
Inputs are applied to components and the outputs compared with
those which should occur.
Watchdog Timer
 Timer that the system must reset before it times out. If the timer is
not reset in time than an error is occurred.

 Figure show simple ladder program used to provide PLC with


watchdog timer for an operation involving movement of piston in a
cylinder.

 When a microprocessor executes instructions from memory, a


nearby electrical disturbance might momentarily upset the data bus
and wrong byte is accessed.

 Alternatively a software bug can result can result in the processor


getting into problems when it returns from a subroutine.
Watchdog Timer
 Timer that the system must reset before it times out. If the timer is
not reset in time than an error is occurred.
Parity and error coding checks
 To detect when a data signal has been corrupted as result of noise,
parity checks are used.

 For ex: character 1010000 would have a parity bit placed after MSB
0 with even parity 01010000 and 1 with odd parity 11010000.

 Such a method can detect single error but not the presence of two
errors.

 The efficiency of error detection can be increased by the use of


block parity.
The efficiency of error detection can be increased
by the use of block parity
CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK(CRC)
The following are some of the commonly encountered faults
that can occur with components and systems

 Sensors:

 Switches and relays:


 Motors:

 Hydraulic and pneumatic systems:


The following are some of the commonly encountered faults
that can occur with components and systems
 Sensors:
 If there is fault in measurement system then the sensor
might be at fault.
 Substitute sensor with new one-results change then
sensor is faulty.
 If the results do not change then the faults is elsewhere
in the system.
 Check weather the voltage/current sources are supplying
voltage /currents.
 Check for electrical continuity in connectivity wires and
the sensor is correctly mounted.
 Refer manufacturers data sheet.
The following are some of the commonly encountered faults
that can occur with components and systems

Switches and relays:


Dirt and particles of waste materials between switch
contacts.
Voltmeter
Mechanical switches
Motors:

Maintenance of both dc and ac motors involves lubrication.


With dc motors brushes wear and require changing
Hydraulic and pneumatic systems:
A common cause of fault is dirt. It can damage seals, block
orifices, valve spools to jam.
Filters should be regularly checked and cleaned.
Typical faults in microprocessor systems are

1. Chip failure-Fairly reliable but occasionally there can


be failure.
2. Passive component failure- Failure of resistors and
capacitors can cause system malfunction.
3. Open circuits- result in a break in a signal path or in a
power line. Unsoldered or faulty soldered joints.
4. Short circuits- arise as a result of surplus solder
bridging the gaps.
5. Externally introduced interference- externally induced
pulses will be interpreted as valid digital signals.
Main supply having spikes.
6. Software faults- Software contain bugs and under
particular I/O conditions cause a malfunction.
Fault finding techniques

1. Visual Inspection-Carefully looking at a faulty system.


2. Multimeter- used to check for short or open circuit
connections and power supplies.
3. Oscilloscope- essentially limited to where repetitive
signals occur like cloc hand held device shaped like pen
used to determine the logic level at any point in the
circuit k signal.
4. Logic probe- hand held device shaped like pen used to
determine the logic level at any point in the circuit
5. Logic pulser- hand held device shaped like pen used
inject control pulses into circuits.
The pulser probe tip is pressed against the node in the
circuit and button on the probe is pressed to generate a
pulse.
Fault finding techniques

6. Current tracer- similar to logic probe but it senses the


pulsating current in the circuit rather than voltage levels.
7. Logic clip- device which clips to an integrated circuit
and makes contact with each of the integrated circuit pins.
The logic state of each pin is then shown in LED indicators,
there being one for each pin.
8. Logic comparator- tests integrated circuits by
comparing them to good, reference integrated circuit.
9. Signature analyzer- the sequence of pulses is
converted into a more readily identifiable form termed as
signature. It is compared with what should occur.
10. Logic analyzer- used to sample and store
simultaneously in a FIFO memory the logic levels of bus
and control signals in a unit under test.
Systematic fault-location methods

Systematic fault-location methods are


1.Input to Output- A suitable input signal is injected into the
first block then measurements are made in sequence,
starting from first block at the output of each block until the
fault is found.
2.Output to Input- A suitable input signal is injected into the
first block then measurements are made in sequence,
starting from last block at the output of each block until the
fault is found.
3.Half split- The blocks constituting the system are split in
half and each half is tested to determine the fault.
Self testing

Software can be used by microprocessor based system to


institute a self test program for correct functioning.

Such programs are often initiated during the start up


sequence of the program when switched on.

It goes through all test routines and not ready to take data
until tests indicate fault free.
Basic ROM test
Basic RAM test
Emulation and Simulation

Emulation- is a test board used to microcontroller and its


test program. The board contains
1.The Microcontroller

2.Memory chips for data and program storage

3.An I/O port to enable connections.

4.A communication port to enable program code to be


downloaded and program operation to be monitored.
Emulation and Simulation

Simulation-
Instead of testing a program by running it with an actual
microcontroller, one can test it by running it with a computer
program that simulates the microcontroller.
The display screen can be divided into number of windows
in which information can be displayed.
source code as it is executed
the cpu registers and flags with current status.
I/O ports
registers and timers
the memory situation

You might also like