Implementing Stored Procedures

Objectives
In this lesson, you will learn to:
 Create a stored procedure
 Execute a stored procedure
 Pass parameters to a stored procedure
 Modify a stored procedure
 Return values from a stored procedure
 Return multiple values from a stored procedure
 Call a procedure from another stored procedure
 Recompile a stored procedure
 Drop a stored procedure
Implementing Stored Procedures

Getting Started
 A stored procedure is a collection or batch of T-SQL
statements and control-of-flow language that is stored under
one name, and executed as a single unit
 Benefits of Stored Procedures
 Improved performance
 Reduction in network congestion
 Better consistency
 Better security mechanism
Implementing Stored Procedures

Getting Started (Contd.)

 Types of Procedures
 User-defined
 System
 Temporary
 Remote
 Extended
Implementing Stored Procedures

Just a Minute…
 What are the benefits of using stored procedures?
Implementing Stored Procedures

9.D.1 Speeding up the Execution of Batch Statements

 A list containing the name, address, city, zip code, telephone
number, and the fax number of recruitment agencies is
required frequently. Recently, it has been noticed that there
is a delay in generating this report due to the network
congestion. Besides, the Human Resources department
personnel make mistakes while querying for this information.
Suggest and implement a solution.
Implementing Stored Procedures

Task List
 Identify the object that can be used to solve the above
problem
 Draft the stored procedure on paper
 Create the stored procedure in the database
 Check the existence of the procedure in the database
 Execute the procedure
Implementing Stored Procedures

Identify the object that can be used to solve the above

Problem
 Result:
 Use a stored procedure to reduce network traffic and reduce
the errors committed by the HR personnel
Implementing Stored Procedures

Draft the stored procedure on paper

 The CREATE PROCEDURE Statement
 Syntax
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_name
AS
BEGIN
sql_statement1
sql_statement2
END
Implementing Stored Procedures

Draft the stored procedure on paper (Contd.)

 Result:
 The database in which the stored procedure has to be
created is Recruitment
 The type of procedure is user-defined
 The name for the stored procedure is
prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
Implementing Stored Procedures
Create the stored procedure in the database
 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
CREATE PROCEDURE
prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
AS
BEGIN
PRINT 'List of Recruitment Agencies'
SELECT cName, vAddress, cCity, cZip,
cPhone, cFax
FROM RecruitmentAgencies
END
 Press F5 to execute the statement
Implementing Stored Procedures

Check the existence of the procedure in the database

 The sp_helptext Command is used to check the existence of
a procedure in the database
 Syntax
sp_helptext proc_name
 Action
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
sp_helptext prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
 Check the result. The output must be the code that you
wrote to create the procedure
Implementing Stored Procedures

Execute the procedure

 The EXECUTE PROCEDURE statement is used to execute
the stored procedure
 Syntax
EXECUTE proc_name
or
EXEC proc_name
or
proc_name
Implementing Stored Procedures

Execute the procedure (Contd.)

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
EXECUTE prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
or
EXEC prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
or
prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
 Press F5 to execute the command
Implementing Stored Procedures

Just a Minute…
 The query to obtain the list of candidates and their
recruitment agencies is:
SELECT 'Candidate Name' = vFirstName ,
'Recruitment Agency' = cName
FROM ExternalCandidate
JOIN RecruitmentAgencies
ON ExternalCAndidate.cAgencyCode =
RecruitmentAgencies.cAgencyCode
Create a stored procedure for the same.
Implementing Stored Procedures

9.D.2 Creating a Generic Stored Procedure

 Information on contract recruiters in a particular city is
required frequently.The city for which details are required
changes from time to time. Create a stored procedure that
will generate information for a specified city
Implementing Stored Procedures

Task List
 Identify a method to write a generic procedure that will
generate results for variable inputs
 Draft statements to create a procedure
 Create the stored procedure in the database
 Check the existence of the procedure in the database
 Prepare test cases with existing and non-existing values
 Execute the procedure with the existing value
 Execute the procedure with the non-existing value
Implementing Stored Procedures

Identify a method to write a generic procedure that

will generate results for variable inputs
 Parameter
 A parameter is a placeholder in a query or a stored
procedure that accepts a user-defined value whenever
the query or stored procedure is executed
 Types of Parameters
 Input parameters
 Output parameters
 Result:
 As the city name will be supplied by the user, use input
parameters
Implementing Stored Procedures

Draft statements to create a procedure

 Result:
 The variable name is @cCity
 The datatype of the variable is char of size 15. So, the
variable needs to be declared, as shown below:
@cCity char(15)
Implementing Stored Procedures

Create the stored procedure in the database

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
CREATE PROC prcListContractRecruiter
@cCity char(15)
AS
BEGIN
PRINT 'List of Contract Recruiters'
SELECT cName,cCity,cZip,cPhone
FROM ContractRecruiter
WHERE cCity = @cCity
END
 Press F5 to execute the query
Implementing Stored Procedures

Check the existence of the procedure in the database

Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
sp_helptext prcListContractRecruiter
 Check the result
Prepare test cases with the existing and non-existing
values
Action:
 Test for a city, which exists in the ContractRecruiter table:
Alexandria
 Test for a city, which does not exist in the ContractRecruiter
table: Boston
Implementing Stored Procedures

Execute the procedure with the existing value

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
prcListContractRecruiter Alexandria
 Press F5 to execute the procedure
Execute the procedure with the non-existing value
 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
prcListContractRecruiter Boston
 Press F5 to execute the procedure
Implementing Stored Procedures

9.D.3 Modifying a Stored Procedure

 Details of the recruitment agencies for a particular city are
required. The city for which the data is required varies from
time to time. Instead of creating a new procedure, modify the
existing prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList procedure to meet
this requirement. In the new procedure, if no value is passed
to the procedure, it should display 'Usage:
prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList <city>' and stop execution.
Implementing Stored Procedures

Task List
 Identify a method to modify the existing procedure
 Draft statements to modify a procedure
 Verify that the procedure has been modified
 Execute the procedure
Implementing Stored Procedures

Identify a method to modify the existing procedure

 The ALTER PROCEDURE Statement is used to modify an
existing procedure.
 The Default Parameter
 You can use default parameters to pass value to the
stored procedure in case no value is passed to it.
 The value passed as default value must be a constant
value or NULL.
 Result:
 Use the ALTER PROCEDURE statement to modify the
procedure.
Implementing Stored Procedures

Identify a method to modify the existing procedure

(Contd.)
 Use NULL as the default parameter to the procedure. If
no value is passed to the procedure parameter, the
parameter would contain a NULL value. If the value of the
parameter is NULL, the procedure should display a
message explaining the usage of the procedure.
Draft statements to modify a procedure
 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
ALTER PROCEDURE prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
@city char(15)=NULL
Implementing Stored Procedures

Draft statements to modify a procedure (Contd.)

AS
BEGIN
IF @city is null
BEGIN
PRINT 'Usage:
prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList <city>'
RETURN
END
PRINT 'List of Recruitment Agencies'
SELECT cName,vAddress,cZip,cPhone
FROM RecruitmentAgencies
WHERE cCity = @city
END
Implementing Stored Procedures

Draft statements to modify a procedure (Contd.)

 Press F5 to execute the query
 In the above code, the RETURN statement passes the
control back to the position from where it was called
Implementing Stored Procedures

Verify that the procedure has been modified

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
sp_helptext prcPrintrecruitmentAgencyList
 Press F5 to execute the query
Execute the procedure
 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
EXEC prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
Alexandria
 Press F5 to execute the query
Implementing Stored Procedures

Execute the procedure (Contd.)

 In case you do not pass any parameter to the procedure
by typing:
prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
you will get the following output:
Usage: prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
<city>
Implementing Stored Procedures

9.D.4 Notifying Successful Execution

 Modify the prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList procedure to
notify users of its successful execution
Implementing Stored Procedures

Task List
 Identify a method to write a procedure that will return a value
 Draft the procedure
 Modify the procedure in the database
 Check that the procedure has been modified in the database
 Execute the procedure
Implementing Stored Procedures

Identify a method to write a procedure that will return

a value
 The RETURN Keyword
 You use the RETURN statement to return values from a
stored procedure
 Syntax
RETURN value
 Result:
The RETURN statement can be used to return values from a
stored procedure
Implementing Stored Procedures

Draft the procedure

 Result:
 The batch statements for creating the stored procedure
are as follows:
ALTER PROCEDURE
prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList @city
char(15)
AS
BEGIN
IF EXISTS(SELECT * FROM RecruitmentAgencies

WHERE cCity=@city)
Implementing Stored Procedures

Draft the procedure (Contd.)

BEGIN
PRINT 'List of Recruitment Agencies'
SELECT cName,vAddress,cZip,cPhone
FROM RecruitmentAgencies
WHERE cCity = @city
Return 0
END
ELSE BEGIN
PRINT 'No Records Found for given city' RETURN 1
END
END
Implementing Stored Procedures

Modify the procedure in the database

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type
prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
 Press F5 to execute the statement
Implementing Stored Procedures

Check that the procedure has been modified in the

database
Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
sp_helptext
prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList
 Press F5 to execute the statement
Implementing Stored Procedures

Execute the procedure

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:

DECLARE @ReturnValue int

EXEC @ReturnValue =
prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList 'Alexandria'
SELECT @ReturnValue
 Press F5 to execute the statement. When the above
statements are executed, the value returned by the
procedure prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList would be stored
in the variable @ReturnValue. This value would be
displayed by the SELECT statement
Implementing Stored Procedures

9.D.5 Calling One Procedure From Another

 Details about the recruitment agencies and the contract
recruiters in a city are required in a single report. Create a
single procedure that uses the existing procedures for the
report
Implementing Stored Procedures

Task List
 Identify a method to modify the existing procedure
 Create the procedure in the database
 Check the existence of the procedure in the database
 Execute the procedure with parameters
Implementing Stored Procedures

Identify a method to write a procedure that will use an

existing procedure
 Nested Procedures
 You can execute or call one procedure from within
another procedure
 Result:
 Create a new stored procedure that will call the existing
procedures
Implementing Stored Procedures

Create the procedure in the database

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
CREATE PROCEDURE prcDisplayBoth
@city char(15)
AS
BEGIN
EXEC prcListContractRecruiter @city
EXEC prcPrintRecruitmentAgencyList @city
END
 Press F5 to execute the statement
Implementing Stored Procedures

Check the existence of the procedure in the database

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
sp_helptext prcDisplayBoth
 Press F5 to execute the statement

Execute the procedure with parameters

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
prcDisplayBoth 'Alexandria'
 Press F5 to execute the statement
Implementing Stored Procedures

Just a Minute…
 You need to modify a stored procedure. Which command will
you use to modify the procedure?
Implementing Stored Procedures

9.D.6 Returning Multiple Output Values

 A formatted report of the status of positions available in
the company is to be displayed. Create a procedure,
prcGetPositionDetail which will return the position
description, the budgeted manpower and the current
strength of employees for a given position. Create another
procedure called prcDisplayPositionStatus that will display
cRequisitionCode, vRegion, and siNoOfVacancy from the
Requisition table. The procedure prcDisplayPositionStatus
should also call the prcGetPositionDetail procedure and
display the values returned by it for position '0002' in the
following format:
Implementing Stored Procedures

9.D.6 Returning Multiple Output Values (Contd.)

The Status for the Position: Maketing Manager

Budgeted Strength : 100

Current Strength : 83

cRequisitionCode vRegion siNoOfVacancy

---------------- -------------------- ----------
000002 Texas 11
Implementing Stored Procedures

Task List
 Identify a method to write a generic procedure that will return
more than one value
 Create the procedure in the database
 Check whether the procedure exists in the database
 Execute the procedure with parameters
Implementing Stored Procedures

Identify a method to write a generic procedure that

will return more than one value
 The OUTPUT Parameter - is used to return more than one
value from the procedure
 Syntax
CREATE PROC[EDURE] procedure_name
[ {@parameter data_type} [OUTPUT]
]
AS
sql_statement [...n]
 Result:
 Use CREATE PROCEDURE with the OUTPUT option
Implementing Stored Procedures

Create the procedure in the database

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer Window, type the statements given
below.
CREATE PROCEDURE prcGetPositionDetail
@Pcode char(4),
@Description char(30) OUTPUT,
@budget int OUTPUT,
@CurrentStrength int OUTPUT
AS
BEGIN
IF EXISTS(SELECT * FROM Position WHERE
cPositionCode = @PCode)
Implementing Stored Procedures

Create the procedure in the database (Contd.)

BEGIN
SELECT @Description =
vDescription,@budget =
iBudgetedStrength,
@CurrentStrength = iCurrentStrength
FROM Position
WHERE cPositionCode=@Pcode
RETURN 0
END
ELSE
RETURN 1
END
 Press F5 to execute
Implementing Stored Procedures

Create the procedure in the database (Contd.)

 In the Query Analyzer Window, type:
CREATE PROCEDURE prcDisplayPositionStatus
@PCode char(4)
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @Description char(30)
DECLARE @budget int
DECLARE @CurrentStrength int
DECLARE @ReturnValue int
EXEC @ReturnValue = prcGetPositionDetail
@Pcode,
@Description output,
@Budget output,
@CurrentStrength output
Implementing Stored Procedures

Create the procedure in the database (Contd.)

IF (@ReturnValue = 0)
BEGIN
PRINT 'The Status for the Position: '
+ @Description
PRINT 'Budgeted Strength : ' +
CONVERT( char(30), @budget)
PRINT 'Current Strength : ' + CONVERT
(char(30), @CurrentStrength)
SELECT cRequisitionCode,vRegion,
siNoOfVacancy FROM Requisition WHERE
cPositionCode=@Pcode
Implementing Stored Procedures

Create the procedure in the database (Contd.)

END
ELSE
PRINT 'No records for the given position
code'
END
 Press F5 to execute
Implementing Stored Procedures

Check whether the procedure exists in the database

 In the Query Analyzer window, type and execute the
following statements:
sp_helptext prcGetPositionDetail
go
sp_helptext prcDisplayPositionStatus
go
Implementing Stored Procedures

Execute the procedure with parameters

 Action:
 In the Query Analyzer window, type:
prcDisplayPositionstatus '0002'
 Press F5 to execute
 Verify that the required output is displayed
Implementing Stored Procedures

The RECOMPILE Option

 To generate an updated execution plan, you must recompile
the stored procedure, each time you execute the stored
procedure
 Syntax
CREATE PROCEDURE proc_name [WITH RECOMPILE]
AS
sql_statements
Implementing Stored Procedures

The DROP PROCEDURE Statement

 Is used to drop a stored procedure from the database
 Syntax
DROP PROCEDURE proc_name
 You cannot retrieve a procedure once it is dropped
Implementing Stored Procedures

Extended Stored Procedures

 Allow you to create your own external routines in a
programming language such as C
 Are Dynamic-Link Libraries (DLLs) that SQL Server can
dynamically load and execute
Implementing Stored Procedures

Summary
In this lesson, you learned that:
 A stored procedure is a collection of various T-SQL statements
that are stored under one name and executed as a single unit
 A stored procedure can be created either in the Enterprise
Manager or in the Query Analyzer window with the CREATE
PROCEDURE statement
 A stored procedure allows you to declare parameters, variables,
and use T-SQL statements and programming logic
 A stored procedure provides better performance, security, and
accuracy, and reduces network congestion
Implementing Stored Procedures

Summary (Contd.)
 The various types of stored procedures are:
 User-defined
 System
 Temporary
 Remote
 Extended
 A stored procedure accepts and returns data through the
following:
 Input parameters
Implementing Stored Procedures

Summary (Contd.)
 Output parameters
 Return statements
 A stored procedure can be executed using the EXECUTE
statement
 A stored procedure can be altered using the ALTER
PROCEDURE statement
 A stored procedure can be viewed using the sp_help and the
sp_helptext system procedures
 To generate an updated execution plan, you must recompile
the stored procedure each time you execute the stored
procedure
Implementing Stored Procedures

Summary (Contd.)
 To recompile a stored procedure automatically, you must create
the stored procedure with a WITH RECOMPILE option
 A stored procedure can be dropped using the DROP
PROCEDURE statement
 Extended stored procedures are Dynamic-Link Libraries (DLLs)
that SQL Server can dynamically load and execute