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Petroleum Workflow

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20 views27 pages

Petroleum Workflow

Uploaded by

affanfarrukh123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Outline

1. Introduction & Workflow


2. Understanding Logs
3. Quick Look Interpretation of Logs
4. Steps for Elementary log analysis and its Importance
Introduction & Workflow
• Determination of Physical Properties of Rock .i.e. Porosity, Clay Volume, Minerals, Bed Boundaries,
Hydrocarbon Saturation etc.

• Look , understand and interpret the signatures of Open Hole and Cased Hole logs by using Quick look methods
(Log Interpretation Charts) to evaluate the formation.

Learning Goals
• Basics of logs. (Should be known)
• Understand Open Hole & Cased Hole logs.
• Quick Look Interpretation of Logs.
Introduction & Workflow
Depth Matched, Environmentally Corrected Data
GR, SP, Caliper, Resistivity, Neutron-Density, Sonic

Measures / Determine / Provides Aid

• Radioactivity / Shaliness • Fluid Type • Bulk Density


• Salinity Contrast • Fluid contacts • Porosity
• Permeable-Impermeable Boundaries • Fluid type
• Water resistivity estimate
• Hole profile/rugosity

Processed into ELAN

• Gross and Net reservoir thickness • Clay volume quantification • Mineralogy


• Relative Fluid saturations • Porosity quantification
Understanding Logs
• Wireline logging contains a wide range/types of logs available to measure desired properties.
• These logs includes open and cased hole environment logging. But here focus is on Open hole only.

Open Hole Logs:


1. GR: Measures the intensity of natural radioactivity of rocks. The intensity of GR is high in Shale…Why????
2. Caliper: Measure the hole size. Helps in determining washouts / enlargement.
3. SP Log: Measures the salinity contrast, permeable zone and Rw (Very Important…Why????).
4. CNL: Measures Hydrogen Index of a formation. Gives indication of fluid type. Too many hydrogen, Many
neutrons slowed down and captured – the count rate will be low and porosity is high.
5. LDL: Measures bulk density of formation. Help to estimate porosity and Lithology.
6. Sonic: Measures sound waves travel time of a formation. Helps to estimate porosity.
7. Resistivity: Measure resistance of formation fluids to current. Helps in identifying fluid type (Hydrocarbons or
water). Why can’t gas or Oil?????
Quick Look Interpretation
Hydrocarbon/salt water contact
Hydrocarbon indication
Clean lithology

Zone of high Sonic Porosity


Prospective Zones
Log values to common lithologies and fluids (After Baker
Petrophysical
Interpretation (ELAN)
Steps
Outline

1. Raw Log Header Information


2. Raw Log Data QC
3. ELAN Processing Reasons
4. ELAN Processing Parameters
5. Final ELAN Outcome
1. Raw Log Header

• Rmf at surface and BHT are important parameters


• BHT value is important (discuss in upcoming slides)
2. Raw Log Data QC
• Caliper is reading Casing ID in cased hole (if properly calibrated)
• Check that curves are on depth with each other. Tension curve can be
used to identify zone of tool sticking, causing off depth curves/flat
lining.
• HDRA should be “0” in gauged hole section. If HDRA is > 0.02 g/cc,
Density data becomes invalid.
• Sonic value in casing is 47 us/ft.
• Check the log scales to standard ones.
Zone of Interest on basis of Raw Log

Depth Track

Raw Log Acquisition Resistivity Track

Porosity Track

• Gives quick look idea about prospective zone


• Properties include porosity and presence of hydrocarbon
• Fluid Saturation and V clay can’t be estimated
3. ELAN Processing Reasons
• Quick look raw log is sufficient for operational decisions on well.
• Once logs are finalized/QC, the digital data is stored within a
corporate database. The same is forward to Petro-physicist for
Interpretation.
• ELAN is an abbreviation for “Elementary Log Analysis”. It is done to
estimate petrophysical properties of reservoir which include porosity,
fluid saturation and clay volume.
• Above properties helps in identification of net reservoir and net pay
after applying cut-offs. This net pay is used in reserve estimation.
4. ELAN Processing Parameters
• Salinity/Resistivity of Formation Water (from SSP method, pickett plot
and offset wells produced water during DST/production).
• Resistivity of mud filtrate at surface and BHT (from log header).
• BHT to calculate Temperature Gradient (from log header).
• Clay Volume using GR, Resistivity, NPHI-RHOB cross plot.
• Mineral and Fluids End Points (Use standard values).
• Saturation Equation (type depends on the reservoir matrix & fluid).
SSP Method
Rw: 0.13 Ohm-m at 167 Deg F
Salinity: 21,000 ppm

That’s why BHT is important


Pickett Plot Method

• Look for clean, water bearing, low resistivity zone and calculate apparent Rw (Rwa) using
Pickett Plot Method (cross plot between Rt vs PHIT).
Clay Volume using GR (Example)

Vcl_GR = {GR (log)-GRcln} / (GRshl-GRcln) )


Mineral End Points
Saturation Equations
• Clean Sand Model / Archie Equation (used in clean formations
with Vsh < 20%)
• Indonesian Equation (used in shaly formations, PHIE is an input)
• Dual Water Equation (used in shaly formations, Inputs are PHIT,
bound and free fluids salinity)
• Waxman’s Smith Model (used when bound fluids salinity, free
fluids salinity and CEC from SCAL is known)
FINAL ELAN
OUTCOME
Gross Thickness

Net Reservoir

Net Pay

• Net Reservoir after applying porosity and clay volume cut-offs


• Net Pay after Sw cut-offs
THANK YOU

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