Microprocessor Systems: Dr. Mona Sayed

Microprocessor Systems
Lecture Notes # 7
Dr. Mona Sayed

Outline of the Lecture
 Directives and sample programs

 Assemble, link and run a program
DIRECTIVES AND SAMPLE PROGRAMS
 Directives are statements that give directions to the assembler about

how it should translate the assembly language instructions into
machine code.
 An assembly language instruction consists of four fields,
[label:] mnemonic [operands] [;comments]
Brackets indicate that the field is optional. Brackets are not typed.
An assembly language instruction consists of four fields,
[label:] mnemonic [operands] [;comments]
Brackets indicate that the field is optional. Brackets are not typed.
1. The label field allows the program to refer to a line of code by name.
2. In a line of assembly language program there can be mnemonic (instruction) and
operand(s).
Ex: ADD AL,BL
MOV AX,6764H
3. Alternatively, instead of these two fields there can be directives. Directives are used by
the assembler to organize the program as well as other output files. The following program
adds two bytes to calculate their sum. IN this program SEGMENT, DB, ENDS, ASSUME,
END, and ENDP are examples of directives.
4. The comment field begins with a “;”
A Sample Assembly Language Program using FULL SEGMENT DEFINITION
 Program segments:
Label SEGMENT [options]
;place the statements belonging to this segment here
Label ENDS
The stack segment defines storage for the stack, the data segment
defines the data that the program will use and the code segment contains
the Assembly Language instructions.
 Stack segment definition
STSEG SEGMENT ;the “SEGMENT” directive
begins the segment
DB 64 DUP (?) ;this segment contains only
one line
STSEG ENDS ;the “ENDS” segment ends
the segment
“DB 64 DUP (?)” , directive reserves 64 bytes of memory for the stack.
 Data segment definition
 There are three data items in this sample program: DATA1, DATA2
and SUM. Each is defined as DB (define byte).
 The DB directive is used to allocate memory in byte-sized chunks.
DW (define word) allocates 2 bytes of memory. DATA1 and DATA2
have initial values but SUM is reserved for later use.
 Code segment definition
 The first line after the SEGMENT directive is the PROC directive. A procedure is a
group of instructions designed to accomplish a specific function.
 The PROC and ENDP directives must have the same label. The PROC directive may
have the option FAR or NEAR. DOS requires FAR option to be used at the program
entry.
 ASSUME directive associates segment registers with specific segments by assuming
that the segment register is equal to the segment labels used in the program.
 Note that there can be many segments of the same type. So Assume helps to
differentiate which is to be used at a time.
 DOS determines the CS and SS segment registers automatically. DS has to be
manually specified.
MOV AX,DTSEG ;load the data segment address
MOV DS,AX ;assign value to DS
 Load AL and BL with DATA1 and DATA2 and ADD them together, and store the result in
SUM.
MOV AL,DATA1 ;get the first operand
MOV BL,DATA2 ;get the second operand
ADD AL,BL ;add the operands
MOV SUM,AL ;store result in location SUM
 The last two instructions returns the control to the operating system.
MOV AH,4CH ;set up to
INT 21H ;return to DOS
SIMPLIFIED SEGMENT DEFINITION
 An assembly language program can be written in two segment

definition formats. In addition to the Full Segment Definition
Format, the recent assemblers support Simplified Segment
Definition, which is simpler and easier to write.
 The following program uses the Simplified Segment Definition.
 In a program with Simplified Segment Definition, the memory model that the program
will use must be specified. The following Memory Models can be used:
 SMALL MODEL (.MODEL SMALL): The model uses maximum of 64K bytes for Code
and 64K bytes for Data (Code<=64K and Data <=64K). This model is the most widely
used memory model and is sufficient for all the programs to be used in this course.
 MEDIUM MODEL, (.MODEL MEDIUM): The model uses maximum of 64K bytes for
Data and Code can exceed 64K bytes (Code>64K and Data <=64K).
 COMPACT MODEL, (.MODEL COMPACT): The model uses maximum of 64K bytes
for Code and Data can exceed 64K bytes (Code<=64K and Data >64K).
 LARGE MODEL, (.MODEL LARGE): Both Code and Data can exceed 64K bytes.
However no single data set (i.e. array) can exceed 64K bytes (Code>64K and Data
>64K).
 HUGE MODEL, (.MODEL HUGE): Both Code and Data can exceed 64K bytes.
Additionally, a single data set (i.e. array) can exceed 64K bytes (Code>64K and Data
>64K).
ASSEMBLE, LINK AND RUN A PROGRAM
•The following table summarizes the process required to assemble, link
and run an assembly language program.
Step Input Program
Output
1. Edit the keyboard Editor
program myfile.asm
2.Assemble myfile.asm MASM or
the program TASM myfile.obj
3. Link the myfile.obj LINK or myfile.exe
program TLINK
“.asm” file is the source file created with an editor or a word processor.
“.obj” assembler (e.g.TASM) converts .asm file’s Assembly language instructions
into machine language.
“.exe” TLINK is the program to produce the executable file.
DEBUG, is a program included in DOS operating system that allows the
programmer to monitor the programs execution.
Useful commands are:-u (unassemble command is used to look et the
machine code)
-d (dump command displays the contents of memory
to the screen)
-g (go command executes the program)
-q (quits from DEBUG to DOS

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Microprocessor Systems

Dr. Mona Sayed

 Directives and sample programs

 Directives are statements that give directions to the assembler about

 An assembly language program can be written in two segment

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