DATA COLLECTION

TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES
PREPARED BY : DEJAN, CHERICE
C.
01. DATA COLLECTION

02. QUESTIONNAIRE

03. OBSERVATION

04. INTERVIEW
TABLE OF
CONTENT
OBJECTIVES
01. TO UNDERSTAND THE TOOLS
AND TECHNIQUES OF DATA
COLLECTION
02. TO IDENTIFY THE TYPES OF
DATA COLLECTION

03. TO APPLY THE TOOLS AND

TECHNIQUES OF DATA
COLLECTION IN DATA
GATHERING
 DATA
COLLECTIO
N
 WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION?
Data collection is the process of gathering and
measuring information on variables of interest, in an
established systematic fashion that enables one to
answer stated research questions, test hypotheses,
and evaluate outcomes. The data collection
component of research is common to all fields of
study including physical and social sciences,
humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by
discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and
honest collection remains the same
Qualitative Data is classified based on
characteristics or attributes, such as gender,
hair color, and intelligence

Categorical Data sets represent characteristics

of a person or object

Chronological Data is arranged in order

according to temporal units, such as years,
months, and weeks
 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
Primary data collection which involves the collection
of original data directly from the source or through
direct interaction with the respondents. This method
allows researchers to obtain firsthand information
tailored to their research objectives.

(SURVEYS,QUESTIONAIRES,INTERVIEWS,
OBSERVATIONS , EXPERIMENTS )
 SECONDARY DATA
COLLECTION
Secondary data collection which involves using
existing data collected by someone else for a
purpose different from the original intent.
Researchers analyze and interpret this data to
extract relevant information.

(PUBLISHED SOURCERS, ONLINE DATABASES,

GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL RECORDS,
PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATA, PAST RESEARCH
STUDIES)
 ADVANTAGES OF DATA
• Informed COLLECTIONData collection
Decision-Making:
provides the necessary information to make
informed decisions based on evidence rather
than assumptions.

• Identifying Trends: Collecting data helps identify

patterns and trends over time, which can be
crucial for forecasting and planning.

• Improved Efficiency: With accurate data,

organizations can streamline processes and
 ADVANTAGES OF DATA
COLLECTION
• Enhanced Research: Data collection supports
various research initiatives, contributing to the
development of new theories and knowledge.

• Customer Insights: Gathering data about

customers can lead to a better understanding of
their needs and preferences, helping to improve
products and services.
 DISADVANTAGES OF DATA
COLLECTION
• Cost: Collecting data can be expensive in terms
of time, resources, and technology, especially for
large-scale projects.

• Privacy Concerns: Data collection can raise

ethical issues regarding the privacy and consent
of individuals, particularly with sensitive
information.

• Data Quality Issues: Poorly collected data can

lead to inaccurate conclusions, affecting
 DISADVANTAGES OF DATA
COLLECTION
• Complexity: Managing and analyzing large
volumes of data can be complex and require
specialized skills and tools.

• Data Overload: Collecting too much data can

overwhelm decision-makers, making it
challenging to extract meaningful insights.
QUESTIONNAIRE
WHAT IS QUESTIONNAIRE?
A questionnaire is a research tool used
for collecting data from respondents. It
typically includes a series of questions
designed to gather information on
specific topics. Questionnaires are
widely used in surveys, market
research, academic studies, and various
fields to gain insights into opinions,
 TYPES OF
QUESTIONNAI
RE
1. Structured Questionnaire: Uses closed-
ended questions, such as multiple-choice or
Yes/No questions. It’s easy to analyze and is often
used for quantitative research.

2. Unstructured Questionnaire: Contains

open-ended questions that allow respondents to
answer freely. This type is often used for
qualitative research to gather in-depth insights.

3. Semi-Structured Questionnaire: Combines

both structured and unstructured elements, with
some closed-ended questions and some open-
ended ones, providing flexibility in responses.
4. Self-Administered Questionnaire: Filled out
by the respondent themselves, often online or in
print.

5. Interviewer-Administered Questionnaire:
Involves an interviewer asking questions directly
to the respondent, which can help clarify
questions if needed.
 TYPES OF
QUESTIONNAI
RE
1. Demographic Questionnaire
Purpose: Collect basic information about
participants, such as age, gender, education
level, occupation, and income.

2. Likert Scale Questionnaire

Purpose: Measure attitudes, feelings, or
perceptions on a scale (e.g., from "strongly
agree" to "strongly disagree").

3. Open-Ended Questionnaire
Purpose: Collect detailed, qualitative data by
allowing participants to respond in their own
words.
4. Close-Ended Questionnaire
Purpose: Provide specific answer choices, making data
easier to quantify and analyze.

5. Rating Scale Questionnaire

Purpose: Allow participants to rate something on a
numerical scale, such as from 1 to 10.

6. Checklist Questionnaire
Purpose: Provide a list of items for respondents to select
from, useful in assessing preferences or experiences.

7. Multiple-Choice Questionnaire
Purpose: Ask questions with specific answer options, often
used for factual questions or to measure knowledge.
 ADVANTAGES OF
• QUESTIONNAIRE
Cost-Effective: Relatively inexpensive to
distribute, especially when done online.
• Scalable: Can be used with large groups,
reaching many respondents quickly.
• Standardized: Provides consistent data,
especially with closed-ended questions,
making it easy to compare responses.
• Anonymous: Allows respondents to
answer anonymously, which can improve
honesty in sensitive topics.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
• Lack ofQUESTIONNAIRE
Depth: Closed-ended questions
may limit the depth of responses.
• Misinterpretation: Respondents may
misunderstand questions, leading to
inaccurate responses.
• Response Bias: People may respond in a
socially desirable way rather than truthfully.
• Low Response Rate: Especially in self-
administered forms, low participation can
limit the study's representativeness.
OBSERVATION
WHAT IS OBSERVATION?
Observation is the process of carefully
watching, monitoring, or gathering
information about events, behaviors, or
phenomena as they naturally occur. It is
often used in research, data collection,
and analysis to gain insights without
influencing the subject or context.
 TYPES OF
OBSERVATION
Direct
Observation:
Observing events or
behaviors as they
happen in real-time.
 Indirect
Observation:
Relying on
secondary sources
like reports,
recordings, or
artifacts to
 Participant
Observation:
The observer
becomes part of the
group being studied
to gain a deeper
understanding from
within.
 Non-Participant
Observation:
The observer remains
detached and does
not interact with the
subject or setting.
Structured
Observation:
Observations are
conducted in a
controlled
environment with
specific criteria or a
checklist to guide the
Unstructured Observation:
Observations are conducted in a
more flexible, open-ended
manner, without predefined
guidelines or criteria.
Covert Observation:
The observer’s identity and
purpose are concealed from the
subjects.
Overt Observation:
The subjects are aware that they
are being observed.
CHARACTERISTI
CS OF
OBSERVATION
1. Systematic: Observation should be
planned and systematic to gather relevant
data.
2. Objective: Aims to minimize personal bias
or influence.
3. Naturalistic: Often involves studying
subjects in their natural settings.
4. Contextual: Takes into account the broader
context in which the observed phenomenon
occurs.
5. Continuous: May require prolonged periods
ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION
1. Real-time data: Provides firsthand
information, often with high accuracy.
2. Rich qualitative data: Offers deep
insights, especially in behavioral studies.
3. Unbiased data: Less prone to bias,
especially if non-participant.
4. Flexibility: Allows adaptation to changing
contexts or phenomena.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
1. ObserverOBSERVATION
Bias: Observers may influence or
interpret findings subjectively.
2. Time-consuming: Can take a lot of time to
observe and gather sufficient data.
3. Limited control: Observers have little
control over variables, especially in naturalistic
settings.
4. Invasiveness: Observing people, especially
covertly, may raise ethical concerns.
INTERVIEW
 WHAT IS INTERVIEW?
Interview is a qualitative research
method that relies on asking
questions in order to collect data.
Interview inolve two or more people
on of whom the interviewer asking
the questions (George, 2023).
CLASSIFICATI
ON OF
INTERVIEW
 BY PURPOSE
1. Job/Recruitment
Interview
2. Research Interview
(academic, market, or
social research)
3. Media/Press
Interview (journalism,
news)
4. Performance
Evaluation Interview
 BY PURPOSE
5. Exit Interview (leaving
employment or
organization)
6. Sales/Business
Development Interview
7. Counseling/Therapy
Interview (mental health
support)
8. Informational Interview
(exploring industries or
BY STRUCTURE
1. Structured Interview
(planned questions and
format)
2. Semi-structured Interview
(flexible, open-ended
questions)
3. Unstructured Interview
(conversational,
spontaneous)
4. Panel Interview (multiple
interviewers)
 BY METHOD
1. Face-to-Face Interview (in-
person)
2. Phone Interview
(telephone)
3. Video Interview (virtual,
online)
4.Email/Online Interview
(written responses)
5.Survey/Questionnaire
Interview (standardized
questions)
 BY STYLE
1. Behavioral Interview (past experiences
and behaviors)
2. Competency-Based Interview (skills and
competencies)
3. Stress Interview (challenging or high-
pressure)
4. Case Study Interview (problem-solving
and analysis)
5. Conversational Interview (relaxed,
 BY LEVEL
1. Entry-Level Interview
(new graduates or
beginners)
2. Mid-Level Interview
(experienced
professionals)
3. Senior-Level Interview
(leadership or executive
positions)
4. Executive Interview
(C-level or high-level
 TYPES OF
INTERVIEWS
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
1. Job interviews
2. Research interviews
3. Media interviews
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
4. Performance evaluations
5. Exit interviews
6. Sales interviews
EFFECTIVE INTERVIEWS
INVOLVE:
1. Preparation
2. Active listening
3. Clear communication
4. Respectful attitude
5. Open-mindedness
INSTRUMENT
S OF AN
INTERVIEW
QUALITATIVE INSTRUMENTS
1. Structured questionnaires
2. Survey forms
3. Rating scales (e.g., Likert,
ordinal) 4. Multiple-choice
questions
5. Psychological assessment tools
(e.g., personality tests)
 DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS
1. Online survey platforms (e.g., Google
Forms, SurveyMonkey)
2. Video conferencing software (e.g.,
Zoom, Skype)
3. Audio recording devices (e.g., digital
voice recorders)
4. Mobile apps (e.g., interview recording,
transcription)
5. Web-based interview platforms
 OTHER INSTRUMENTS
1. Interview protocols (detailed guide
2. Consent forms
3. Demographic questionnaires
4. Debriefing forms
5. Evaluation forms
THESE INSTRUMENTS HELP
ENSURE:
1. Standardization
2. Consistency
3. Accuracy
4. Reliability
5. Validity
THANK YOU
Do you have any question?