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Lecture On Slender Columns

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39 views33 pages

Lecture On Slender Columns

ddd

Uploaded by

Saad Abbasi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis and Design of Slender

Columns
Engr. Muhammad Hamza Sabir
[email protected]
Focus

• Introduction and Basic Concepts

• Sway and Non-Sway Frames

• P – delta effects

• Slenderness Ratio

• Analysis of Sway Frames

• Analysis of Non-Sway Frames

• Design Problems
Long Columns - Introduction
• Long Columns are also called as Slender Columns
• Columns with eccentric loading, cause induction of moment
• If the length / height of column is less, then deflection will be less i.e., P - ∆ is
negligible
• If the length / height of Columns is large, then deflection will be large i.e., P -
∆ is notable
• All those columns which have P - ∆ moments (secondary moments) are
significantly larger than primary moment such that it aggressively reduce the
strength of column are known as long / slender columns
• Exact analysis of long columns is very complicated, but ACI code
provide certain guidelines.
Sway & Non Sway Frames
• Effect of P-∆ is largely influenced by Type of Frame i.e.
• Sway or Non-Sway
• A Sway frame is one, which in not properly braced against lateral
translation
• A Non-Sway is the one which is properly braced against lateral
translation
Slenderness Effects
• Slenderness is defined by ratio of unsupported length to its least
radius of gyration
• Larger is the slenderness, larger is the possibility of buckling, lesser is
the strength of column
• Usually, RC columns have smaller slenderness rations hence they can
be designed as short columns
• But if slenderness effects are more pronounces then proper design
considerations as required as long column
Slenderness Effects
• Unsupported Length
• The length of a column between points of restraint against lateral translation
i.e. supports
• Effective Length
• The length of column between points of zero moment
• Usually it is obtained by multiplying effective length factors
• Unless analysis proves, in no case, effective length factor of RC columns be
taken less than 1
• For unbraced columns, the effective length factor may be larger than 1.00
K Factors
Alignment Charts
• K Factor for different end conditions and for continuous frames
depends on relative flexural stiffens of columns to beams at a
particular joint
• Alignment charts are useful for manual calculations
• Two categories
• Sway Frames / Braced Frames
• Non-Sway / unbraced Frames
• In the expression EI / L
• For Beams use 0.35 I
• For Columns use 0.70 I
Alignment Charts
K Factor Equations
• For computer programs, an alternate approach based on ACI 318-05,
reproduced from British Code of Standard Practice.
• For Braced Compression Members,

• For unbraced Compression Members


First Order Analysis
• It’s a preliminary requirement for the analysis of long columns in a frame
• First order analysis requires determination of member sectional
properties
• According to ACI 10.10.4.1
• Modulus of Elasticity
• Moment of Inertia:
• Beams : 0.35 I
• Columns : 0.70 I
• Wall Cracked : 0.35 I
• Wall Uncracked : 0.70 I
• Flat Slabs / Plates : 0.25 I
• Area : 1.0 Ag
First Order Analysis
• ACI provides alternate rigorous equations for Moment of inertia of
columns and walls but not less than 0.35 Ig

• For Beams and Flexural Members, following equation is used but


value should not be less than 0.25 Ig
When slenderness becomes critical?
• Usually, slenderness is calculated using Kl/r
• K : Effective Length Factor
• L : Unsupported Length of Column
• r : Radii of gyrations
• For Circular Columns : 0.25 x Dia of column
• For rectangular : 0.30 x dimension of columns about bending axis
• For non sway frames, slenderness effects are neglected if

• For sway frames, slenderness effects are neglected if

• If Slenderness effects govern, then a second order theoretical analysis is required


Avoiding Slender Columns
• Its always better to avoid slender columns, even in steel and RC
construction
• If we do some modifications to sectional properties, certainly goal is
achieved
• For braced frames, allowable kl/r should be less than 10 for ground
and first floor whereas for rest, it should be less than 14
• For unbraced Columns, allowable kl/r is less than 6
Example 1: Slenderness Effects
Example 1: Slenderness Effects
Example 1: Slenderness Effects
ACI Analysis Approach
• ACI gives three analysis techniques for slender columns
• Nonlinear Second Order Analysis (ACI 10.10.3)
• Least Used method
• Uses Nonlinear material approaches
• Mostly used through computer programs
• Elastic Second Order Analysis (ACI 10.10.4)
• Uses Elastic Material Properties
• Reduced Moments of Inertia and Areas
• Mostly used through computer programs
• Moment Magnifier Procedure (ACI 10.10.5)
• Easy to use
• Separate approaches for Sway and Non-Sway Frames
• Can be used by programmable calculator
Moment Magnification – Non Sway
Frames
• Once a load is applied to a column, it deflects
• Deflection further increase due to induced moment of deflection
• P-∆
• The induced moment is known as secondary moments
• Increase in Moment for Non Sway Frames is achieved by multiplying
primary moment with moment magnification factor
• P = axial Load capacity of Column
• Pc = Euler’s Buckling Load
Example 2: Moment Magnification
Example 2: Moment Magnification
Moment Magnification
• Sometimes, analyses show very less value of M2
• ACI 10.10.16 recommend minimum value of M2 that must be used in
the analysis of slender columns (based on minimum eccentricity)

• Moment magnifier is then calculated using following expression


Moment magnification – non sway
• Following steps are followed
1. Determine Ec = 57000√fc’ in psi
2. Ig = Gross Moment of Inertia of Column
3. Es = 29 x 106 psi
4. Ise = Moment of inertia of steel about centroidal axis of section
5. ß = Ratio of sustained axial load to total factored axial load
6. Compute EI (If steel already known)
Moment magnification – non sway
1. Or calculate EI if steel has not be calculated or selected

2. Determine Euler’s Buckling Load

3. Calculate Cm
Example 3: Design of non sway column
Example 3: Design of non sway column
Example 3: Design of non sway column
Example 3: Design of non sway column
Magnification factor – sway frame
• Unbraced columns cause a significant reduction in buckling load
• If the column is unbraced, then its slenderness ratio should be less
than 22 (to avoid slenderness effects)
• If slenderness governs then
• Determine the end moments causing sway as designate then as Ms
• Determine the end moments causing no sway and designate them as Mns
• Determine moment magnification by either of following expressions
Magnification factor – sway frame
• Calculate the design moments as following expression
Example 4: design of sway frame
Example 4: design of sway frame
Example 4: design of sway frame

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