Chemistry

Chapter # 4
Structure of Molecules
SLO.4.1.1. Determine the number of valence electron of an atom by using
Periodic table and electronic configuration.
Using the Periodic Table:

• Locate the element on the Periodic Table.
• Identify the group number (vertical column).
• The group number indicates the number of valence electrons.
Group Number = Number of Valence Electrons
Examples:-
Group 1 (Alkali Metals): 1 valence electron.
Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals): 2 valence electrons.
Group 13 (Boron Group): 3 valence electrons.
Group 14 (Carbon Group): 4 valence electrons.
Using Electronic Configuration:

• Write the electronic configuration of the element.
• Identify the outermost shell (valence shell).
• Count the number of electrons in the valence shell
Valence electron counting rule:
• s-block elements: 1-2 valence electrons (Group 1-2)-
• p-block elements: 3-8 valence electrons (Group 13-18)-
• d-block elements: variable valence electrons (Transition
metals)-
• f-block elements: variable valence electrons (Lanthanides
and Actinides)
Examples:
Sodium “Na” (Group 1): 1 valence electron
Electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹
Valence electrons: 3s¹ (1 electron)
Oxygen “O” (Group 16): 6 valence electrons

Electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴
Valence electrons: 2s² 2p⁴ (6 electrons)
Iron “Fe”(Transition metal): variable valence electrons

Electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁶
Valence electrons: 3d⁶ 4s² (8 electrons, but can vary)
SLO.4.1.2. Discuss the importance of Noble gas electronic configuration in the
formation of ions.
Importance of Noble Gas Electronic Configuration
in Ions Formation:
Noble gases are stable because they have a full valence
shell of electrons with eight electrons in the outermost
shell.
The noble gas electronic configuration is important in
the formation of ions because it makes atoms stable
and ions to form the electronic configuration of the
nearest noble gas.
An atom can Accommodate 8 electrons in its valence
shell in three ways.
• By giving valence electrons.
• By gaining valence electrons.
• By sharing valence electrons with one another.
• Ion Formation:
 Cations (positive ions):
Atoms in Groups 1, 2, and 13 (such as sodium,
magnesium, and aluminium) tend to lose electrons to
achieve the electronic configuration of the nearest
noble gas.
Example:
• Sodium (Na) has the electronic configuration
1s2,2s2 ,2p6 ,3s1. It loses one electron to form Na+ with the
configuration 1s2,2s2 ,2p6 (Same as Neon).
• Calcium (Ca) with an electronic configuration of 1s2, 2s2,

2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2 achieving the configuration of
argon ,loses two electrons to form Ca++ achieving the
configuration of argon.
 Anions (negative ions):

Atoms in Groups 15 to 17 (such as nitrogen, oxygen, and
chlorine) tend to gain electrons to reach a noble gas
configuration.
Example:
• Chlorine (Cl) has the electronic configuration 1s2, 2s2,
2p6, 3s2, 3P5 by gaining one electron, it forms a chloride
ion ( Cl-) with a configuration of 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6
which matches the noble gas argon.
• Oxygen (O) with 1s2, 2s2, 2p4 gains two electrons to form
an oxide ion (O- ) achieving the noble gas configuration of
neon.
SLO.4.1.3. State the octet and duplet rules.
Octet Rule
Attaining eight electrons in the valence shell is called
octet rule in order to attain stability.
Atom attain stability in three ways:
By gaining electron
By losing electron.
By sharing electron.
Example: Sodium has 1 electron in their valence shell by
losing 1 electron it attain stability.
2. Duplet Rule
Attaining two electron in the valence shell is called duplet
rule in order to attain stability.
Example: Hydrogen has 1 electron in their outer most
shell it share its electron with another hydrogen atom to
attain stability.
SLO.4.1.4 Describe the ways in which chemical bonds are
formed.
 Chemical bonds are formed when atoms or ions join together to make molecules or compounds.
 Chemical bonds are formed either:
 By transferring electrons (ionic)
 By sharing electrons (covalent).
 In these way atoms achieve stable configurations.
There are 4 types of chemical bonds:
 Ionic Bonds:
These form when one atom gives away one or more of its electrons to another atom.
For example:
 In Potassium chloride (KCl) the potassium (K) atom gives one electron to the chlorine (Cl) atom.
 This makes Potassium positively charged (K⁺) and chlorine negatively charged (Cl ⁻) and the
opposite charges attract each other to forming the bond.
 Covalent Bonds:
These form when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
For example:
 In a water molecule (H₂O) each hydrogen atom shares an electron with the oxygen atom.
 This sharing helps each atom fill its outer electron shell making them more stable.
 Coordinate or dative bond (Also known as
dative bond):
 A coordinate or dative bond is a type of

covalent bond in which the bond pair of
electron is donated by one bonded atom only.
 The atom which donates the electron pair is
called donor.
 The atom which accepts the electron pair is
called acceptor.
Example: Bond between BF3 And NH3
 Metallic bond:
A bond formed between metal atoms (positive
charged ions) due to mobile or free electrons.
SLO.4.1.5. Describe the formation of:
a. Cations from an atom of metallic elements.
b. Anions from an atom of non-metallic elements.
Formation of Cations from an atom of metallic elements.

 A cation is a positively charged ion that is formed when a metallic element loses one or
more electrons.
 The resulting cation has a positive charge because it has a net positive charge due to
having more positively charged protons than negatively charged electrons in its structure.
 Cations are smaller than their parent atoms because the loss of an electron reduces
electron-electron repulsion and allows the nucleus to pull the remaining electrons more
tightly
Example:
When Potassium loses one electron it forms a potassium ion (K+).
Anions from an atom of non-metallic elements:
 Non-metallic elements form ions by gaining one or more electrons.
 This results in a negatively charged ion known as anion.
 Negatively charged means the atom has more electrons than protons.
 Non-metals tend to gain electrons to achieve a stable electron
configuration.
 Anion are greater than their parent atom.
Example:
Chlorine (Cl) has seven electrons in its outermost shell so it gain one
electron to complete their outermost shell.
SLO.4.2.1. Describe the formation of ionic bond.
 An ionic bond is a chemical bond that is formed when one or more electrons are transferred
from one atom to another atom resulting in the formation of oppositely-charged ions.
Electron Transfer Process

 During the formation of an ionic bond atoms give and receive electrons to obtain a stable
electron configuration generally achieving a full outer shell of electrons (the octet rule).
 The metal atom loses one or more electrons thus becoming a positively charged cation
whereas the non-metal atom gains those electrons becoming a negatively charged anion.
 This electron transfer leads to a stable bond since the electrostatic attraction between the
oppositely-charged ions holds them together.
For Example:
Sodium chloride (NaCl):
 Sodium (Na) has one electron in its outer shell while chlorine (Cl) has seven electrons in
its outer shell.
 Sodium loses one electron to chlorine forming a positively charged sodium ion (Na ⁺) and
a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl ⁻).
 The electrostatic attraction between the ions results in the stable ionic compound NaCl.
Na+ + Cl- NaCl

SLO.4.2.2. Identify the compound having Ionic bond
To identify an ionic compound:

 The compounds formation takes place with the two elements.
 The elements in the compound are metal and non-metal then the bonding will be
ionic.
 This bonding takes place between these groups (Group 1,2 or 3 and Group 5,6 or 7).
 The naming of compound is done as the name of metal will be in the first place
while non-metal will be second.
For example
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Lithium Fluoride (LiF)
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Calcium sulphide (CaS)
Beryllium chloride (BeCl₂)
Thus by the type of bonding and name of the compound, an ionic compound can be
identified.
SLO.4.2.3. Draw electron dot and cross structure of an ionic compound,
for example NaCl, MgO, K₂O and CaCl₂.
Dot and cross diagrams to show formation of ions
1.Draw the electronic configuration of each atom one element with dots and the other with crosses.
2. Find out how many electrons need to be transferred.
3.Draw the electronic configuration of the resulting ions.
4.Write the charge of each ion.
Dot and Cross Structure of NaCl Dot and Cross Structure of K₂O
Dot and Cross structure of MgO
Dot and Cross Structure of CaCl₂
SLO.4.2.4.Describe the characteristic of Ionic compounds.
These are the characteristics:

 High melting points.
 High boiling points.
 Usually dissolve in water.
 Ionic bond form crystals
 Ionic compounds are hard and brittle
 Solids do not conduct electricity and are good
insulator
 Good conductors of electricity when dissolved in
water.

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Chapter # 4

Using the Periodic Table:

Using Electronic Configuration:

Oxygen “O” (Group 16): 6 valence electrons

Iron “Fe”(Transition metal): variable valence electrons

• Calcium (Ca) with an electronic configuration of 1s2, 2s2,

 Anions (negative ions):

 A coordinate or dative bond is a type of

Formation of Cations from an atom of metallic elements.

Electron Transfer Process

Na+ + Cl- NaCl

To identify an ionic compound:

These are the characteristics:

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