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    Powerpoint New One Day 01 - Part 02

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    Iresha

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    Powerpoint New One Day 01 - Part 02

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    2 views81 pages

    Powerpoint New One Day 01 - Part 02

    Uploaded by

    Iresha

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 81

    17.

    COMBINATION OF LOADS

    Different load cases ( gk , qk , WL , EQ etc) do not occur


    alone , but in combinations,

     Designer must determine which combination is the most


    critical for the structure.

     Individual loads have different probability of occurrence


    and resulting load combination could have greatly reduces
    probability.

     BS 8110 & BS 5950 & Euro codes


    17.1

     Strength design is based on the most critical combination.


    Ex :
    01) 1.4 gk + 1.6 qk
    02) 1.4 gk + 1.4 Wk
    03) 1.2 gk + 1.2 qk + 1.2 Wk
    etc…
    18. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
     General

    To verify weather the structural


    requirement will be met or not requires
    a knowledge of the stiffness & strength
    of structure under load. Structural
    analysis is used to denote the analytical
    process by which this knowledge of the
    response of structure can be obtained.
    18.1

    In most method of structural analysis, the


    distribution of forces & moments throughout the
    structure is determined by considering,
    1.Condition of static equilibrium.
    2.Geometric compatibility between members at
    joint.
    3.Constituting relationship between forces /
    moments acting on a member / connection and
    its deformation.
    18.2

     Statically determinate structures (SD)


    The complete distribution of forces and moments
    can be found from static alone. ie , above (1) only

     Statically indeterminate structures (SID)


    In this, above (1) , (2) & (3) are used.
    19. TYPES OF ANALYSIS
    a) First order elastic analysis
    b) Second order elastic analysis
    c) Elastic stability analysis
    d) Dynamic analysis
    etc..

    First order elastic analysis


     A first order analysis, all equilibrium & kinematic
    equations are written with respect to the initial or un
    deformed configuration of the structure.
    19.1
    Second order analysis
     Equilibrium and kinematic Equations are written with
    respect to the current or deformed geometry of the
    structure.

    In first order elastic analysis, the deformations are


    proportions to applied loads.
    Hence the principles of superposition can be used to
    simplify the analysis.

    Note: First order elastic analysis are sufficiently accurate for


    design purpose if deflection or deformations of the structure
    are small.
    19.2
    19.3

     MÜ + CŮ + Ku = P(t) Dynamic analysis


    Ku = P Static analysis

    K – System stiffness
    M – System Mass
    C – System damping
    20. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

    Structural analysis
     Find internal forces , displacements , stresses , strain of
    a structure with known geometry , material properties ,
    component properties under a set of applied forces.

    Structural design
     Determination of geometry , material , component,
    properties & carry set of applied loads.
    21. DIFFERENT TYPE OF STRUCTURES
    Eg : All structures are assembling of basic elements.

    Fig. 21.1 Line elements (a-Bar, b-Beam, c-Shaft)

    a-(Pin-jointed bridge or roof truss) b-(Rigid-jointed building frame) c-(Grillage-Plane grid structure for a roof
    structure)

    Fig 21.2 Different types of skeletal structures


    21.1
    (a) Common types of horizontal spanning systems ( one, two and three level
    system) used in relation to different types of load bearing wall and columnar
    vertical support system

    Fig. 21.3 Typical structural units


    21.2

    Fig. 21.4 Structural phenomena and general design responses


    21.3

    Fig. 21.5 Stability of structure


    21.4

    Fig. 21.6 Common structural options for a typical volumetric unit


    21.5

    Fig. 21.7 Compression, Tension, Bending, Shear, Bearing, torsion and deflection
    22. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS (STRENGTH OF MATERIALS)

    Stress / Strain

    In proportional limit

    Fig. 22.1
    22.1
    Elastic behavior
    If load to A & unload comes to initial position
    Plastic behavior
    If load to B & unload will not comes to initial (0) But to P’
    ( permanent deformation ) Ԑp

    Fig. 22.2
    22.2

    Fig. 22.3
    22.3 Stress analysis

    Fig. 22.3.1
    22.3.1.1
    22.3.1.2

    Stress at a general point

    Mutually perpendicular three


    planes to be considered
    22.3.1.3
    22.3.1.4
    2-D case

    Principle stress 3-D


    23. SHEAR STRESS ( τ ) & STRAIN (g )

    90°
    Fig. 23.1
    For isotropic & homogeneous material

    Fig. 23.2
    23.1
    23.2
    24. FORCE
    SYSTEM
     Newton’s Law

    From equation Resultant


    force = 0

    Resultant moment = 0
    2 – D force systems

    Fig. 24.1
    Any 2-D force system can be converted to a resultant force ( R) & a moment.
    Hence from equation R = 0 , M = 0 or
    X=0
    Y=0
    M= 0
    25. 2-D PIN JOINT TRUSS

    Unstable Stable

    Fig. 25.1 Structural members subjected Fig. 25.2 Pin jointed structures
    to axial loads (The tow bar is in a) Quadrilateral (Unstable)
    tension and the landing gear b) Triangulated (Stable)
    strut in compression)
    25.1

    Assumptions Fig. 25.3


     Joints are frictionless pinned.
     Members are weightless.
     External loads applied at joints only.
     Deformations are small ( compared to directions of
    members) Hence geometry doesn’t change.
    26. PIN JOINTED TRUSSES
    In pin jointed truss , only axial force in the members.
    SB FB

    SA B
    l
    FA A

     NB :- No forces in between & no moments at joint


    ( pin joint)
    A SB x l = 0 SB = 0
    B SA x l = 0 SA =0

    F +F =0 F =-F
    26.1 Member forces

    Compression member ( Strut / column)

    Tension Member ( Tie )

    NB : What is the force direction in the Joint


    27. TYPES OF 2-D TRUSS

    Fig. 27.1 Common types of trusses


    27.1
    27.2
    27.3
    27.4
    27.5
    27.6
    27.7
    27.8

    Fig. 26.1 Spring subjected to an axial load P

    P = kδ ,k = Stiffness ( Spring constant)

    Fig. 26.2 Elongation of an axially loaded spring


    27.9

    Fig. 27.3 Prismatic bar of


    circular cross section

    By Hooks Law,
    σ =EԐ
    P/A = E .
    P=.∆
    P = k.∆
    k = EA/L = Axial stiffness
    EA = Axial rigidity Fig. 27.4 Typical cross sections of
    structural members
    27.10
    27.11
    Ties ( Cable )

    Fig. 27.5 Typical arrangement of strands and


    wires in steel cable
    28. ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE PIN-JOINTED TRUSSES
     Statically determinate only the equation ( statics)

    Draw free-body diagram (FBD)

    Fig. 28.1 a) Pin-Jointed truss, b)Free body of joint,


    c) Free body of a part of truss
    28.1
    28.2
    28.3
    29. METHOD OF JOINTS

    Using FBD for each joint and using equation of the joint at a
    time

    S force x – direction = 0
    S force y – direction = 0
    ( Note: SM = 0 automatically satisfied - Trivial solution)
    29.1 Some aspects of the behavior of statically determinate trusses.
     Effect of settlement.
     Response to thermal changes.

    Fig. 29.1 Support settlement of pin-jointed structure


    a) Statically determinate structure
    b) Statically indeterminate structure
    30. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE CASES

    S=0
    SM = 0

    Fig. 30.1

    Hence static alone can’t be solved. (deformation / kinematic


    is to be considered)
    31. AXIAL DEFORMATION OF BARS
    STATICALLY DETERMINATE SYSTEM (SD)

     Axial forces in the member can be determined by


    equations of statics alone
    31.1
    31.2 Ԑ x =
     Ԑx 0

     Deformations are very small ( Infinite small )


    Ԑ x= du = Ԑx.dx
    32. DEFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR AXIALLY
    LOADED
    D = BARS.

    =
    D=

    u(0) Rigid body axial translation of the bar.

    Ԑx= D=
    32.1
    32.2
    32.3
    32.4
    33. AXIALLY DEFORMATION OF BARS
    STATICALLY INDETERMINATE SYSTEM (SID)

    Equations for static equations are not sufficient


    For determining reactions.
    Some reactions are redundant.
    (a)
    a) R1, R2 Cannot be found from structure alone
    b) Reaction can be found from structure alone.

    Deformation characteristics of the system


    (b) components must be considered for (a)

    Fig 33.1 a) External statically indeterminacy


    b) Internal statically indeterminacy
    33.1
     Equilibrium condition for system must be assured both in
    local & global sense.
     Geometric compatibility among the deformed parts of a
    body and at the boundaries must be satisfied.
     Constitutive reactions (Stress – Strain relations) for the
    materials of the system must be compiled.

    Two methods,
    1) Force method ( Flexible method)
    2) Displacement method ( Stiffness method )
    34. FORCE METHOD
    Solution is obtained directly from unknown reactions

    (a) (b) (c) (d)

    Fig 34.1 Force ( flexibility ) method of elastic analysis for a statically


    indeterminate axially loaded bar. Deformations are greatly exaggerated.
    34.1
    R1, R2 Unknown 02
    2-1 = 1
    Static equation (Non- trivial) 01

    One degree of Statically indeterminate

    One reaction R1 is temporary removed


     Primary System (Statically determinate)
    )

    0 = f2P
    34.2
    Now Fig.34.1 (c) violate the geometric boundary condition
    at A

     In order to comply the deflection 1 caused by R1 acting


    on the unloaded bar ABC in Fig. 34.1 (d)
    34.3
    34.4
    34.5
    34.6
    34.7
    34.8
    35 By equilibrium of sections method
    35.1
    35.2
    35.3
    35.4
    36. STRESS ON INCLINED SECTIONS
    36.1
    36.2
    36.3
    36.4
    THANK YOU

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