Starting out with Python

Fifth Edition

Chapter 7
Lists and Tuples

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Topics (1 of 2)
• Sequences
• Introduction to Lists
• List Slicing
• Finding Items in Lists with the in Operator
• List Methods and Useful Built-in Functions

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Topics (2 of 2)
• Copying Lists
• Processing Lists
• List Comprehensions
• Two-Dimensional Lists
• Tuples
• Plotting List Data with the matplotlib Package

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Sequences
• Sequence: an object that contains multiple items of
data
– The items are stored in sequence one after another
• Python provides different types of sequences,
including lists and tuples
– The difference between these is that a list is mutable
and a tuple is immutable

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Introduction to Lists (1 of 2)
• List: an object that contains multiple data items
– Element: An item in a list
– Format: list = [item1, item2, etc.]
– Can hold items of different types
• print function can be used to display an entire
list
• list() function can convert certain types of
objects to lists

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Introduction to Lists (2 of 2)

Figure 7-1 A list of integers

Figure 7-2 A list of strings

Figure 7-3 A list holding different types

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The Repetition Operator and Iterating
over a List
• Repetition operator: makes multiple copies of a list
and joins them together
– The * symbol is a repetition operator when applied to a
sequence and an integer
 Sequence is left operand, number is right
– General format: list * n
• You can iterate over a list using a for loop
– Format: for x in list:

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Indexing
• Index: a number specifying the position of an element
in a list
– Enables access to individual element in list
– Index of first element in the list is 0, second element is
1, and n’th element is n-1
– Negative indexes identify positions relative to the end
of the list
 The index -1 identifies the last element, -2 identifies the
next to last element, etc.

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The len function
• An IndexError exception is raised if an invalid index
is used
• len function: returns the length of a sequence such
as a list
– Example: size = len(my_list)
– Returns the number of elements in the list, so the index
of last element is len(list)-1
– Can be used to prevent an IndexError exception
when iterating over a list with a loop

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Lists Are Mutable
• Mutable sequence: the items in the sequence can be
changed
– Lists are mutable, and so their elements can be
changed
• An expression such as
• list[1] = new_value can be used to assign a
new value to a list element
– Must use a valid index to prevent raising of an
IndexError exception

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Concatenating Lists
• Concatenate: join two things together
• The + operator can be used to concatenate two lists
– Cannot concatenate a list with another data type, such
as a number
• The += augmented assignment operator can also be
used to concatenate lists

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List Slicing
• Slice: a span of items that are taken from a sequence
– List slicing format: list[start : end]
– Span is a list containing copies of elements from
start up to, but not including, end
 If start not specified, 0 is used for start index
 If end not specified, len(list) is used for end index
– Slicing expressions can include a step value and
negative indexes relative to end of list

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Finding Items in Lists with the in
Operator
• You can use the in operator to determine whether an
item is contained in a list
– General format: item in list
– Returns True if the item is in the list, or False if it is
not in the list
• Similarly you can use the not in operator to
determine whether an item is not in a list

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List Methods and Useful Built-in
Functions (1 of 4)
• append(item): used to add items to a list – item is
appended to the end of the existing list
• index(item): used to determine where an item is
located in a list
– Returns the index of the first element in the list
containing item
– Raises ValueError exception if item not in the list

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List Methods and Useful Built-in
Functions (2 of 4)
• insert(index, item): used to insert item at
position index in the list
• sort(): used to sort the elements of the list in
ascending order
• remove(item): removes the first occurrence of
item in the list
• reverse(): reverses the order of the elements in the
list

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List Methods and Useful Built-in
Functions (3 of 4)
Table 7-1 A few of the list methods

Method Description
append(item) Adds item to the end of the list.

index(item) Returns the index of the first element whose value is equal to item.
A ValueError exception is raised if item is not found in the list.
insert(index, item) Inserts item into the list at the specified index. When an item is inserted into a
list, the list is expanded in size to accommodate the new item. The item that
was previously at the specified index, and all the items after it, are shifted by
one position toward the end of the list. No exceptions will occur if you specify an
invalid index. If you specify an index beyond the end of the list, the item will be
added to the end of the list. If you use a negative index that specifies an invalid
position, the item will be inserted at the beginning of the list.
sort() Sorts the items in the list so they appear in ascending order (from the lowest
value to the highest value).
remove(item) Removes the first occurrence of item from the list. A ValueError exception
is raised if item is not found in the list.
reverse() Reverses the order of the items in the list.

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List Methods and Useful Built-in
Functions (4 of 4)
• del statement: removes an element from a specific
index in a list
– General format: del list[i]
• min and max functions: built-in functions that
returns the item that has the lowest or highest value in
a sequence
– The sequence is passed as an argument

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Copying Lists (1 of 2)
• To make a copy of a list you must copy each element
of the list
– Two methods to do this:
 Creating a new empty list and using a for loop to add a
copy of each element from the original list to the new list
 Creating a new empty list and concatenating the old list
to the new empty list

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Copying Lists (2 of 2)

Figure 7-5 list1 and list2 reference the same list

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Processing Lists (1 of 2)
• List elements can be used in calculations
• To calculate total of numeric values in a list use loop
with accumulator variable
• To average numeric values in a list:
– Calculate total of the values
– Divide total of the values by len(list)
• List can be passed as an argument to a function

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Processing Lists (2 of 2)
• A function can return a reference to a list
• To save the contents of a list to a file:
– Use the file object’s writelines method
 Does not automatically write \n at then end of each item
– Use a for loop to write each element and \n
• To read data from a file use the file object’s
readlines method

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List Comprehensions (1 of 7)
• List comprehension: a concise expression that creates
a new list by iterating over the elements of an existing
list.

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List Comprehensions (2 of 7)
• The following code uses a for loop to make a copy of
a list:
list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
list2 = []

for item in list1:

list2.append(item)

• The following code uses a list comprehension to make

a copy of a list:
list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
list2 = [item for item in list1]

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List Comprehensions (3 of 7)

• The iteration expression works like a for loop

• In this example, it iterates over the elements of list1
• Each time it iterates, the target variable item is
assigned the value of an element.
• At the end of each iteration, the value of the result
expression is appended to the new list.

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List Comprehensions (4 of 7)

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
list2 = [item**2 for item in list1]

• After this code executes, list2 will contain the values

[1, 4, 9, 16]

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List Comprehensions (5 of 7)

str_list = ['Winken', 'Blinken', 'Nod']

len_list = [len(s) for s in str_list]

• After this code executes, len_list will contain the

values [6, 7, 3]

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List Comprehensions (6 of 7)
• You can use an if clause in a list comprehension to select
only certain elements when processing a list
list1 = [1, 12, 2, 20, 3, 15, 4]
list2 = []

for n in list1:
if n < 10:
list2.append(n)

Works the same as…

list1 = [1, 12, 2, 20, 3, 15, 4]

list2 = [item for item in list1 if item < 10]

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List Comprehensions (7 of 7)

list1 = [1, 12, 2, 20, 3, 15, 4]

list2 = [item for item in list1 if item < 10]

• After this code executes, list2 will contain [1, 2, 3,

4]

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Two-Dimensional Lists (1 of 3)
• Two-dimensional list: a list that contains other lists as
its elements
– Also known as nested list
– Common to think of two-dimensional lists as having
rows and columns
– Useful for working with multiple sets of data
• To process data in a two-dimensional list need to use
two indexes
• Typically use nested loops to process

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Two-Dimensional Lists (2 of 3)

Figure 7-8 A two-dimensional list

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Two-Dimensional Lists (3 of 3)

Figure 7-10 Subscripts for each element of the scores list

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Tuples (1 of 3)
• Tuple: an immutable sequence
– Very similar to a list
– Once it is created it cannot be changed
– Format: tuple_name = (item1, item2)
– Tuples support operations as lists
 Subscript indexing for retrieving elements
 Methods such as index
 Built in functions such as len, min, max
 Slicing expressions
 The in, +, and * operators

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Tuples (2 of 3)
• Tuples do not support the methods:
– append
– remove
– insert
– reverse
– sort

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Tuples (3 of 3)
• Advantages for using tuples over lists:
– Processing tuples is faster than processing lists
– Tuples are safe
– Some operations in Python require use of tuples
• list() function: converts tuple to list
• tuple() function: converts list to tuple

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Plotting Data with matplotlib (1 of 4)
• The matplotlib package is a library for creating
two-dimensional charts and graphs.
• It is not part of the standard Python library, so you will
have to install it separately, after you have installed
Python on your system.

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Plotting Data with matplotlib (2 of 4)
• To install matplotlib on a Windows system, open a
Command Prompt window and enter this command:
pip install matplotlib

• To install matplotlib on a Mac or Linux system,

open a Terminal window and enter this command:
sudo pip3 install matplotlib

• See Appendix F in your textbook for more information

about packages and the pip utility.

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Plotting Data with matplotlib (3 of 4)
• To verify the package was installed, start IDLE and
enter this command:

>>> import matplotlib

• If you don't see any error messages, you can assume

the package was properly installed.

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Plotting Data with matplotlib (4 of 4)
• The matplotlib package contains a module named
pyplot that you will need to import.
• Use the following import statement to import the
module and create an alias named plt:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

For more information about the import statement, see Appendix E in your textbook.

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Plotting a Line Graph with the plot
Function (1 of 4)
• Use the plot function to create a line graph that connects
a series of points with straight lines.
• The line graph has a horizontal X axis, and a vertical Y
axis.
• Each point in the graph is located at a (X,Y) coordinate.

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Plotting a Line Graph with the plot
Function (2 of 4)
Program 7-20 (line_graph1.py)
1 # This program displays a simple line graph.
2 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
3
4 def main():
5 # Create lists with the X and Y coordinates of each data
point.
6 x_coords = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
7 y_coords = [0, 3, 1, 5, 2]
8
9 # Build the line graph.
10 plt.plot(x_coords, y_coords)
11
12 # Display the line graph.
13 plt.show()
14
15 # Call the main function.
16 if _ _name_ _ == '_ _main_ _':
17 main()
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Plotting a Line Graph with the plot
Function (3 of 4)
• You can change the lower and upper limits of the X
and Y axes by calling the xlim and ylim functions.
Example:
plt.xlim(xmin=1, xmax=100)
plt.ylim(ymin=10, ymax=50)

• This code does the following:

– Causes the X axis to begin at 1 and end at 100
– Causes the Y axis to begin at 10 and end at 50

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Plotting a Line Graph with the plot
Function (4 of 4)
• You can customize each tick mark’s label with the
xticks and yticks functions.
• These functions each take two lists as arguments.
– The first argument is a list of tick mark locations
– The second argument is a list of labels to display at the
specified locations.
plt.xticks([0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
['2016', '2017', '2018', '2019', '2020'])
plt.yticks([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
['$0m', '$1m', '$2m', '$3m', '$4m', '$5m'])

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Program 7-20
1 # This program displays a simple line graph.
2 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
3
4 def main():
5 # Create lists with the X,Y coordinates of each data point.
6 x_coords = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
7 y_coords = [0, 3, 1, 5, 2]
8
9 # Build the line graph.
10 plt.plot(x_coords, y_coords, marker='o')
11
12 # Add a title.
13 plt.title('Sales by Year')
14
15 # Add labels to the axes.
16 plt.xlabel('Year')
17 plt.ylabel('Sales')
18
Continued. . .

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Program 7-24
19 # Customize the tick marks.
20 plt.xticks([0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
21 ['2016', '2017', '2018', '2019', '2020'])
22 plt.yticks([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
23 ['$0m', '$1m', '$2m', '$3m', '$4m', '$5m'])
24
25 # Add a grid.
26 plt.grid(True)
27
28 # Display the line graph.
29 plt.show()
30
31 # Call the main function.
32 if __name__ == '__main__':
33 main()

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Output of Program 7-24
Displayed by the
Displayed by the
title() function.
yticks() function.

Displayed by the
ylabel() function.

Displayed by the
xticks() function. Displayed by the
xlabel() function.
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Plotting a Bar Chart (1 of 6)
• Use the bar function in the matplotlib.pyplot
module to create a bar chart.
• The function needs two lists: one with the X
coordinates of each bar’s left edge, and another with
the heights of each bar, along the Y axis.

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Plotting a Bar Chart (2 of 6)
left_edges = [0, 10, 20, 30, 40]
heights = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500]

plt.bar(left_edges, heights)
plt.show()

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Plotting a Bar Chart (3 of 6)
• The default width of each bar in a bar graph is 0.8
along the X axis.
• You can change the bar width by passing a third
argument to the bar function.
left_edges = [0, 10, 20, 30, 40]
heights = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500]
bar_width = 5

plt.bar(left_edges, heights, bar_width)

plt.show()

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Plotting a Bar Chart (4 of 6)
• The bar function has a color parameter that you
can use to change the colors of the bars.
• The argument that you pass into this parameter is a
tuple containing a series of color codes.

Color Code Corresponding Color

'b' Blue
'g' Green
'r' Red
'c' Cyan
'm' Magenta
'y' Yellow
'k' Black
'w' White

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Plotting a Bar Chart (5 of 6)
• Example of how to pass a tuple of color codes as a
keyword argument:
plt.bar(left_edges, heights, color=('r', 'g', 'b', 'w', 'k'))

• The colors of the bars in the resulting bar chart will be

as follows:
– The first bar will be red.
– The second bar will be green.
– The third bar will be blue.
– The fourth bar will be white.
– The fifth bar will be black.

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Plotting a Bar Chart (6 of 6)
• Use the xlabel and ylabel functions to add labels to
the X and Y axes.
• Use the xticks function to display custom tick mark
labels along the X axis
• Use the yticks function to display custom tick mark
labels along the Y axis.

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Plotting a Pie Chart (1 of 4)
• You use the pie function in the
matplotlib.pyplot module to create a pie chart.
• When you call the pie function, you pass a list of
values as an argument.
– The sum of the values will be used as the value of the
whole.
– Each element in the list will become a slice in the pie
chart.
– The size of a slice represents that element's value as a
percentage of the whole.

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Plotting a Pie Chart (2 of 4)
• Example

values = [20, 60, 80, 40]

plt.pie(values)
plt.show()

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Plotting a Pie Chart (3 of 4)
• The pie function has a labels parameter that you
can use to display labels for the slices in the pie chart.
• The argument that you pass into this parameter is a
list containing the desired labels, as strings.

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Plotting a Pie Chart (4 of 4)
• Example
sales = [100, 400, 300, 600]
slice_labels = ['1st Qtr', '2nd Qtr', '3rd Qtr', '4th Qtr']
plt.pie(sales, labels=slice_labels)
plt.title('Sales by Quarter')
plt.show()

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Plotting a Pie Chart
• The pie function automatically changes the color of the
slices, in the following order:
– blue, green, red, cyan, magenta, yellow, black, and white.
• You can specify a different set of colors, however, by
passing a tuple of color codes as an argument to the pie
function’s colors parameter:
plt.pie(values, colors=('r', 'g', 'b', 'w', 'k'))
• When this statement executes, the colors of the slices in
the resulting pie chart will be red, green, blue, white, and
black.

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Summary
• This chapter covered:
– Lists, including:
 Repetition and concatenation operators
 Indexing
 Techniques for processing lists
 Slicing and copying lists
 List methods and built-in functions for lists
 Two-dimensional lists
– Tuples, including:
 Immutability
 Difference from and advantages over lists
– Plotting charts and graphs with the matplotlib Package

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