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Chapter 2 Part 3

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12 views

Chapter 2 Part 3

Uploaded by

mesfin snow
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Hydraulic Turbines

• The potential energy in water is converted into mechanical energy in the


turbine, by one of two fundamental and basically different mechanisms
• There are two types of hydraulic turbines
1. Impulse turbines
2. Reaction turbines
• 1, Impulse Turbines
where the flow hits the turbine as a jet in an open environment, with the
power deriving from the kinetic energy of the flow.
The kinetic energy is in the form of high speed jet that strikes the buckets,
mounted on the periphery of the runner.
Turbines that operates in this way are called impulse turbines.
Example of impulse turbine Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines111/30/2024 1
• Reaction Turbine:
 where the turbine is totally embedded in the fluid and powered from the
pressure drop across the device
 the water pressure can apply a force on the face of runner blades, which
decreases as it proceeds through the turbine.
 Turbines that operate in this way are called reaction turbines. the turbine
casing with the runner fully immersed in water, must be strong enough to
withstand the operating pressure.
 Propeller, Francis and kaplan turbines belong to this category

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Pelton Wheel (Pelton turbine)
 This turbine is named after Lester A. Pelton (1829 – 1908) an American
Engineer who developed it in the year 1880.
 Pelton wheel is a high head turbine. It is used with heads of more than 500
metres.
Note :
A head is the distance the water falls before it strikes the turbine blades.

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Pelton Wheel (Pelton turbine)…
 The flow of water is tangential to the
runner. So it is a tangential flow impulse
turbine.
 A Pelton’s runner consists of a single
wheel mounted on a horizontal shaft.
 Water falls towards the turbine through a
pipe called penstock and flows through a
nozzle.
 The high speed jet of water hits the
buckets (vanes) on the wheel and
causes the wheel to rotate.
 A spear rod which has a spear shaped
end can be moved by a hand wheel.
 This movement controls the flow of water
leaving the nozzle, before it strikes the
bucket(vane)
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Pelton Wheel (Pelton turbine)…

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Kaplan turbine (Propeller turbine)
• Kaplan turbine is a type of propeller turbine which was developed during
1900’s by the Austrian engineer Victor Kaplan (1876 – 1934)
• Kaplan turbine is a low head turbine and used for heads of less than 80
meters.
• The runner of a kaplan turbine resembles with propeller of a ship. That is why,
a Kaplan turbine is also called as propeller turbine.

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Kaplan turbine (Propeller turbine)…

• The turbine wheel, which is


completely under water, is turned by
the pressure of water against its
blades.

• Guide vanes regulate the amount of


water reaching the wheel.

11/30/2024 7
• The Kaplan turbine was an evolution of the Francis turbine. Its
invention allowed efficient power production in low-head
applications that was not possible with Francis turbines.
• The head ranges from 10-70 meters and the output from 5 to
120 MW. Runner diameters are between 2 and 8 meters. The
range of the turbine is from 79 to 429 rpm. Kaplan turbines
are now widely used throughout the world in high-flow, low-
head power production.

11/30/2024 8
Francis turbine
 It is named after James B. Francis (1815 – 1892) an
English born inventor who developed the turbine in the
year 1849.
 It is used when the head is between 80 to 500 metres. i.e.
it is a medium head turbine.
 It is a mixed flow reaction turbine.

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 A Francis turbine rotates in a closed
casing.
 Its wheel has many curved blades
called runner vanes as many as 24.
 Its shaft is vertical. The wheel of a
Francis turbine operates under
water.
 The guide vanes and stay vanes
control the amount of water flowing
into the runner vanes.
 The runner is rotated mainly due to
the weight or pressure of the flowing
water.

11/30/2024 10
• It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial
flow concepts. They operate in a head range of 10 to 650 meters (33 to
2,133 feet) and are primarily used for electrical power production.
• The power output generally ranges from 10 to750 megawatts, though
mini-hydro installations may be lower. Runner diameters are between
1 and 10 meters (3 and 33 feet). The speed range of the turbine is
from 83 to1000 rpm.
• Medium size and larger Francis turbines are most often arranged with
a vertical shaft. Vertical shaft may also be used for small size turbines,
but normally they have horizontal shaft.

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Difference between Kaplan turbine and Francis
turbine:
Sl.No. Kaplan turbine Francis turbine

1 Water enters the runner vanes Water enters the runner vanes
axially and leaves axially, hence it radially and leaves axially, hence it
is called axial flow turbine. is called a mixed flow turbine.

2 The number of blades in the runner The number of blades in the runner
is generally between 3 and 8. is generally between 16 and 24.

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Difference between Impulse and Reaction
hydraulic turbines:

Sl.No. Impulse turbine Reaction turbine


e.g. Pelton turbine e.g. Kaplan & Francis turbines

1 In an impulse turbine all the In a reaction turbine, at the


available energy of water is entrance to the runner, only a part
converted into kinetic energy as it of the available energy of water is
passes through a nozzle. converted into kinetic energy and a
greater part remains in the form of
pressure energy.

2 The water flowing through the The water is guided by the guide
nozzle impinges on the buckets blades to flow over the runner
which are fixed on the outer vanes.
periphery of the wheel.

11/30/2024 13

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