Energy Conversion Systems

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 What is Direct Energy Conversion?

Energy conversion devices convert between electrical, magnetic, kinetic, potential, optical,
chemical, nuclear, and other forms of energy. Energy conversion processes occur naturally.

For example, energy is converted from optical electromagnetic

radiation to heat when sunlight warms a house, and energy is
converted from potential energy to kinetic energy when a leaf falls
from a tree.
A direct energy conversion device converts one form of energy to another through a single
process.
For example, a solar cell is a direct energy conversion device that converts
optical electromagnetic radiation to electricity.
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 ENERGY SCENARIO
Introduction
 Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the
case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view
of the ever- increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.
Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:

 Primary and Secondary energy

 Commercial and Non commercial energy

 Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

 Conventional and Non-conventional energy

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 Primary and Secondary energy

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common
primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood).

Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive
substances, thermal energy stored in earth's interior, and potential energy due to earth's
gravity.
Secondary energy sources are those sources by processing the primary source of energy and
produce steam and thermal energy.
Primary energy sources are costly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy
sources;
for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity. Primary energy can also
be used directly. Some energy sources have non energy uses, for example coal or natural gas
can be used as a feedstock in fertilizer plants.
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 Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy

Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as
commercial energy.

By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity, coal and refined
petroleum products.

Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural, transport and commercial
development in the modern world.
In the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for
economic production, but also for many household tasks of general population.

Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.

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 Non-Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are classified
as non-commercial energy.
Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural
wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price used especially in rural
households.
These are also called traditional fuels. Non-commercial energy is often ignored in energy
accounting.
Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for water heating, electricity
generation, for drying grain, fish and fruits; animal power for transport, threshing, lifting
water for irrigation, crushing sugarcane; wind energy for lifting water and electricity
generation.
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 Renewable Energy and Non-Renewable Energy

Renewable energy

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible

Example wind energy, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power and hydraulic power

Non-Renewable energy
Non renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are
likely to deplete with time.

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 Ex : fossil fuel, nuclear and hydro resources

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 Ex : solar, wind and biomass

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 Energy Consumption and Standard Of Living

 The energy consumption of a nation can be broadly divided into the following areas or
sectors depending on energy-related activities. These can be further subdivided into sub
sector
 Domestic sector (houses and offices including commercial buildings)

 Transportation sector
 Agriculture sector
 Industry sector

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 Overview of thermodynamics

• All of us are very familiar with the concept of temperature, and it is heard every day
in the weather forecast. However, the physics of temperature is rather convoluted.
Unlike pressure, which is a useful concept for fluid, temperature can be defined for
any states of a substance. Even vacuum has a temperature. For example, the
background of the universe has a temperature of 2.725 K. It is rather amazing that a
parameter can be defined in so many ways and yet remains consistent in describing
these phenomena.
 1.1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
• When two objects A and B with different temperatures are put into contact, energy
will transfer from the object with a higher temperature to the one with a lower
temperature, and eventually equilibrium is achieved with a shared temperature. Now
these two objects are separated, and the object A is put into contact with another
object C and they are happened to be in equilibrium. In this case, it can be asserted
that the objects B and C should also be in equilibrium. This is the zeroth law of
thermodynamics.
 1.4. First Law of Thermodynamics
• Simply speaking, the first law of thermodynamics is just the principle of energy
conservation.
• The first law of thermodynamics indicates that the quantity of the energy should be
conserved when energy is transformed between different forms.
• But heat energy decreases its capacity to be transferred (quality) as it passes through
number of energy conversion.
 1.5. Second Law of Thermodynamics

• This law is totally related with the operation principle of heat engine and heat
pumps.
 1.5. Second Law of Thermodynamics
• The Kelvin–Planck statement is on heat engines: “It is impossible to absorb heat
from one heat source and convert all of it into work.” In other words, the operation
of a heat engine needs at least two heat sources—it absorbs heat from a high
temperature source and rejects heat to a low temperature source. From another point
of view, this statement indicates that the efficiency of heat engine cannot reach
100%.
• The Clausius statement is on heat pumps: “It is impossible to pump heat from a
cooler body to a hotter body without work.”
 1.5. Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Let’s consider even the most efficient cycle called Carnot cycle.

• A Carnot cycle can be in two different orientations: the clockwise one for heat
engines, and the counter-clockwise one for heat pumps.
 Thank you

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