OPEN COURSE
o2.3 EEE EXP7
SINGLE AND THREE
PHASE SYSTEMS
1
Remind
1. Three phases systems
2. Transformers
3. Rotating Machines
4. Induction machines
Flipped class
2 exams
Homework
Laboratory reports
2/13
Remind
Signals in electrical engineering can be currents or voltage flowing
into electrical circuits.
Other examples : Flux density in a magnetic core, …
Generally, signals are deterministic so it is possible to predict the
progression of the signal as a function of time from a mathematical
model.
Determinist signals Periodic Sinusoidal
3/13
Operating mode
o Continuous modes : DC mode
A signal (eg voltage and / or current) taking a mean constant value independent of time.
times
o Variable modes :
✔ Transitional mode
✔ Periodic mode (sinusoidal alternating)
A signal is considered periodic if it represents a cyclic repetition at
regular and constant intervals (noted by T).
Ex : A signal (eg voltage and / or current) oscillating periodically can be a sinusoidal form.
Type of signals delivered by the EDF network (sinusoidal alternating voltage)
4/13
Periodic quantity
… a periodic quantity x(t) can be considered as the sum of a
continuous component, named xc and an alternating component
named xa.
o Continuous component
The average value of the signal over a period
x(t)
o Alternating component xc
times
5/13
Sinusoidal Function
o A sinusoid is a continuous-time and a periodic signal:
Amplitude :
Ex: Voltage signal v(t) :
RMS value :
Angular
frequency(rad/s) :
Phase (rad) :
0 T/2 T π 2π
t θ
θ=
T T : period ω.t
Mean Value : 6/13
Complex notations
o Ex: Voltage signal v(t) and current signal
i(t)
v(t)
0 π 2π
7/13
Vectorial representation - Fresnel
… A Fresnel vector can be mapped to any sinusoidal function starting
from the origin of the reference, modulating the amplitude of the
function and making an angle equal to its instantaneous phase with
the axis (Ox), y
x
O v
• Example: y
+
Voltage 🡺
Current 🡺
x
O v
8/13
Passive components – Complex notations
Impedances Z [Ω] Phase shift
Ideal [rad]
Components
Fresnel
Im
Resistors …..…
[Ohms - Ω ] O Re
Im
I lags behind V
Inductors
……… O
[Henry - H] Re
…... Im
Capacitors …
I is ahead of
[Farad - F]
O V Re
9/13
Exercise : Simple RL series
o The input voltage is a AC signal
Determine the current and the voltage
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….....................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
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............................................................
10/13
Exercise : Real capacitor
11/13
Power in AC circuit - Convention
i(t)
………………………………
p>0 : Power consumed by the circuit
v(t) Circuit
p>0 Power flow goes from source to circuit
Circuit is receiver
i(t)
………………………………
p<0 :Power is delivered by the circuit
v(t) Circuit
p<0 Power flow goes from circuit to the source
Circuit is in generator mode
12/13
Active power
I
i(t)
[watt-W]
v(t) Given
R
loads
V : Voltage RMS value [V]
I : Current RMS value [A]
k : power factor
13/13
Active power
[watt-W]
V : Voltage RMS value [V]
I : Current RMS value [A]
k : power factor
The Active power is turned into mechanical effort or heat (losses). It is the useful
power that is doing the actual work.
🡺 Copper losses into resistances
🡺 Iron losses into magnetic materials
🡺 mechanical power for electromechanical actuators
14/13
Active power in DC circuit
[watt-W]
k=1
II
V R
15/13
Power in AC circuit
o Instantanous power
[watt-W]
In case of alternative circuit :
Active Fluctuating power at
powervalue of the
Constant terms is the average 2ωinstantanous power 🡺 Active Power
Term at 2ω represents the fluctuating power
16/13
Power in AC circuit
o Active power
[watt-W]
o Apparent power
[Volt Ampère – VA]
o Power factor
Power factor is equal to the
displacement power factor in
sinusoidal steady state.
It is a measurement of the efficiency in a
system.
17/13
Power in AC circuit - Example
Take the example of an electric motor consuming 15A under 230V , with a
cos(ϕ)=0,5.
Single-
electri
phase c
source motor
Determine the active and apparent power :
A : Pa=1725W B : Pa=3450VA S=1725
S=3450VA W
C : Pa=1725 VA S=3450W D: Pa=2850W
S=2990VA
18/13
Power in AC circuit - Example
Take the example of an electric motor consuming 15A under 230V , with a
cos(ϕ)=0,5.
Single-
electri
phase c
source motor
Determine the active and apparent power.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Sizing Source : Apparent power
…………………….....................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
19/13
Power in AC circuit - Example
20/13
Power in AC circuit
o Reactive power
[Volt Ampère Réactif – VAR]
The reactive power corresponds to an exchange of energy between a
source and an inductance or capacity, at zero average value.
This power does not correspond to any energy transfer.
Consumed (produced) by Produced (consumed) by
inductors Capacitors
21/13
Power in AC circuit
o Reactive power
[Volt Ampère Réactif – VAR]
Im
Re
22/13
Power in AC circuit
o Reactive power « Sketch »
Reactive
power
Beer : Foam
Electricity : Unable to
Apparent power do work
Beer : Full glass Real power
Electricity : Available from Beer : Drinkable
utility Electricity : Able to
do work
24/13
Power in AC circuit - Example
25/13
Power in AC circuit - Example
377rad / s
26/13
Power in AC circuit
o Power for different loads
Active Reactive
Ideal Power Power
Fresnel
Component (W) (VAR)
s
…… Q
Resistors … P
[Ohms - Ω ] O
Q
………
Inductors
…….
[Henry - P
O
H]
Q
Capacitors …………
…. O P
[Farad - F]
27/13
Power in AC circuit
o Power for different loads
Power in AC circuit
o Boucherot’s Theorem
In electrical network, at constant frequency, there is a conservation
of the active and reactive power.
…
..
k loads, connected in series or
parallel
Active:
power
Reactive
power
Apparent
power
29/13
Power in AC circuit
o Boucherot’s Theorem - Example
I
Single phase system – 230V/50Hz Phase
V D D2 M D3
Experimental Results : 1
N
P1 = 100W and Q1 = 0 D1: light bulb
D2 : Electric
P2 = 1500W and Q2 = 0 heater
D3 : Electric motor
P3 = 1250W and Q2 = 900 VAR
Total electric system consume :
A : Pa=2850W B : Pa=2850VAR
Q=900VAR Q=900W
S=2990VA Fp=0,95 S=2990VA Fp=0,95
C : Pa=900W D: Pa=2850VAR
Q=2850VAR Q=900W
S=2990VA Fp=0,95 S=2990VA Fp=0,95
30/13
Power in AC circuit
o Boucherot’s Theorem - Example
I
Single phase system – 230V/50Hz Phase
V D D2 M D3
Experimental Results : 1
N
P1 = 100W and Q1 = 0 D1: light bulb
D2 : Electric
P2 = 1500W and Q2 = 0 heater
D3 : Electric motor
P3 = 1250W and Q2 = 900 VAR
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
P = P1 + P2 + P3 = 2850W Q= Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 900 VAR
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………......
S= 2990 VA Fp = 0,95
31/13
Power in AC circuit
o Reactive power compensation
[1
]
Benefits
o Improves system power factor,
o Reduces network losses,
o Avoid penalty charges from
utilities for excessive
consumption of reactive power,
o Reduces cost and generates higher revenue for the
customer,
o Increases system capacity and saves cost on new
installations,
o Improves voltage regulation in the network Increases
power availability.
Reactive power compensation implies compensating the
reactive power consumed by electrical motors, transformers,
etc.
32/13
[1] Reactive Power Compensation - ABB High Voltage Products
Power in AC circuit
o Reactive power compensation
Power factor before compensation
Power factor after compensation
e
Reactive power
bl
i la Compensation
va
need/demand
(supplied by
la
ta
capacitors)
To
=
Reactive
er
power
ow
Reduced reactive
P
t
power
er n
w ar e
need/demand
po pp
(supplied by
A
network)
Active
power Available Active
power
33/13
Power in AC circuit
34/13
Power in AC circuit - Example
377rad / s
35/13
Power in AC circuit
o Reactive power compensation
Reactive Power need and no harmonics Capacitors Banks
Detuned Filters
Reactive Power need and no distortion
even if harmonics are present
Tuned Filters
Reactive Power need and distortion
problems
Dynamic / SVC’s
Reactive Power need and strong (Source Voltage
distortion problems such as fast voltage Converters)
fluctuations and/or phase asymmetry
36/13
Balanced three-phase system
o From Single to three phase system
WHY ?
- More power connected to the grid,
- Use less power cables,
- Three phase motors are very robust, relatively cheap, generally smaller,
have self-starting properties, provide a steadier output and require little
maintenance compared with single phase motors.
37/13
Balanced three-phase
system
o Single-phase Vs. Three-phase system
✔ Electrical production in three-phase voltage with turbine
generator units
✔ Two levels of voltage available
✔ Three-phase use half less cables than single phase system
39/13
Balanced three-phase
system
By definition, a three-phase power supply system, three conductors each
carry alternative signals (voltages or currents) with the same frequency
and a phase difference between each.
A balanced three-phase power supply system have a signal amplitude
relative to a common reference (same RMS value), and an equal phase-
shifted between themselves.
By convention, we study only direct system :
Im
Re
40/13
Balanced three-phase
system
Balanced three-phase power supply system, three conductors each carry
an alternative signal of the same frequency and voltage amplitude
relative to a common reference (same RMS value) but with a phase
difference of 2π/3 between each.
0
ωt
O
ωt
O
: depends on the loads 41/13
Balanced three-phase system
o Connections of Generators and Loads Y connexion
Phase
voltages
n neutral node
Lines
42/13
Balanced three-phase system
o Generator connections Υ(star)
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
v1 ,v2 , v3 u12 , u23 ,
Phase u31
voltage Line
(Line-to-neutral)
Voltage across a voltage
single phase (Line-to-line)
Voltage any pair
of lines
44/13
Balanced three-phase system
o Generator connections Υ(star)
+
45/13
Balanced three-phase
system
o Generator connections Υ(star) Phase Voltage Vs. Line
Voltage +
In pratical, phases are noted with (1, 2, 3) or (R, S, T), or (U,
V, W)
46/13
Balanced three-phase
system
o Load connections Y ( Star) Z : load impedances
3 equal impedances in Y
connection
One of the important features of a balanced
three-phase system is that it does not require
a fourth wire (the neutral connection)
Balanced three-phase
system
o Power in three-phase system
Instantaneous power
Cancellation of the Fluctuating power at 2ω
Active power
Apparent power
Power factor
Reactive power
48/13
Balanced three-phase system
(Power)
49/13
Balanced three-phase
system
o Generator connections Δ( Delta)
50/13
Balanced three-phase system
o Load connections Δ ( Delta) Z : load impedances
3 equal impedances in Δ connection
Equivalent single phase
51/13
Balanced three-phase system
o Load connections - Rules
For a three-phase impedances, the small voltage written on the nameplate
correspond to the maximum voltage that can be applied on one impedance.
Motor
127V / 230V 230V / 400V 400V / 690V
Supply
127V / 230V Star Delta -
230V / 400V - Star Delta
400V / 690V - - Star
53/13
Balanced three-phase
system
o Example
A workshop is supplied with three-phase voltage of 400 V, 50 Hz.
Only the line wires are available between the network and the load.
The electrician verified that both the network and the load were balanced.
N
E
L
T
O
W
A
O
D
R
K
The measurement gives U=400V, I1=15 A, phase shift between U and I1 of 45° (I1 delayed).
A) Taking V1 as a phase reference, draw the phasor diagram of the simple and compound
voltages and currents.
B) Give the cos (Φ) of the load. Is the load inductive or capacitive?
C) Determine the active, reactive and apparent power of this circuit
D) If the load is star-coupled, what is the impedance of one phase of the load?
E) If the load is delta coupled, what is the impedance of one phase of the load?
54/13
Balanced three-phase
system
o Example
3 equal impedances (one resistance R and one inductance L connected in series), are
powered by a balanced three-phase voltage (U=500V, f=50Hz). Impedances are joined in Δ
connection.
Several measurements have been performed :
Line current : I=86,5A
Active power : P=37,5kW
Determine :
A) R and the power factor Fp
B) the reactive power Q and inductance L
C) the line currents I if theses impedances are connected in Y connection
D) The active power P in this configuration
55/13
Balanced three-phase system
o Power in three-phase system - Practical Measurements
Three-phase Wattmeter
Single-phase Wattmeter
One single-phase Wattmeter referred to neutral
One single-phase Wattmeter without neutral
Two single-phase Wattmeter
56/13
Balanced three-phase system
o Power in three-phase system - Practical Measurements
One single-phase Wattmeter One single-phase Wattmeter
without neutral
referred to neutral
Active power on phase Image of reactive power on phase
A: A:
Two single-phase Wattmeter
57/13
Energy transportation
o AC Vs. DC ?
Traditionally, High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) is used to transport
energies.
Average power losses into cables around 2,5% of
consumption
Nowadays, High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
is a good alternative for long distances.
200 up to 400kV
200 up to 400kV
DC link
3-Phase Link
……… ……… 3-Phase Link
………
AC/DC ………
DC/AC Comparison between HVAC and HVDC (Siemens
AG)
………
Converter ………
Converter
… …
Simplified connection between an
offshore wind farm and an AC grid
58/13
