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Python Magic Methods

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Python Magic Methods

Uploaded by

2kawserahmed7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Python Magic Methods:

Unleashing the Power


of Dunder Methods
Welcome to the world of Python magic methods! These special methods,
often referred to as "dunder methods" due to their double underscores ( __ ),
are the secret sauce that allows you to customize the behavior of your
Python objects in powerful and elegant ways. Let's embark on a journey to
discover the secrets of these magic methods and explore their diverse
applications.

MA
What are Magic
Methods?
Behind the Syntactic Sugar
Scenes
Magic methods are special methods defined within a class that Think of them as hidden gears that work behind the scenes to
allow you to override the default behavior of Python operators, make your code more readable and intuitive. They enable you
functions, and other built-in features. They are invoked to use familiar Python syntax for tasks that would otherwise
automatically by Python when you perform certain operations require more complex custom code.
on your objects.
Why Use Magic
Methods?
Code Clarity Custom Behavior
Magic methods enhance code They provide a powerful
readability and maintainability by mechanism for tailoring your
allowing you to express complex objects to specific needs. You can
operations in a concise and familiar redefine how your objects interact
syntax. Instead of writing custom with operators, control how they
functions, you can use Python's are printed, or even customize their
built-in operators and functions. behavior in built-in functions like
len() and str().

Conciseness
Magic methods contribute to more compact and efficient code. You can
achieve a lot with a few lines of magic, making your code easier to
understand and maintain.
Constructors: __init__() and
__new__()
__init__() __new__()
The `__init__()` method is the initializer for your objects. It's The `__new__()` method is responsible for creating the actual
automatically called when you create a new instance of your object instance. It's called before `__init__()`. It's often used to
class. You use it to assign initial values to the object's control object creation or to customize the object's type.
attributes.
Operators: __add__(), __sub__(),
__mul__(), etc.

__add__()
Overload the addition operator (+) to define how your objects should behave when added together.

__sub__()
Overload the subtraction operator (-) to define how your objects should behave when subtracted
from each other.

__mul__()
Overload the multiplication operator (*) to define how your objects should behave when multiplied
together.
String Representation: __str__() and
__repr__()
__str__() __repr__()
The `__str__()` method defines how your objects should be The `__repr__()` method provides a more technical string
represented as human-readable strings. When you use the representation of your objects, mainly for debugging and
`print()` function on an object, it calls this method. development purposes. It aims to be unambiguous and
informative for developers.
Subscripting:
__getitem__() and
__setitem__()

1 __getitem__() 2 __setitem__()
This method allows you to This method enables you to
access elements of your modify elements of your
objects using square objects using square
brackets ([]) like you would brackets ([]) for assignment.
with lists or dictionaries. It essentially enables your
Think of it as enabling your objects to be "mutable"
object to be "indexable." through indexing.
Context Management:
__enter__() and __exit__()
__enter__()
1
This method is called when you enter a `with` block, providing an
opportunity to set up resources or perform initialization tasks
before the block's code is executed. Think of it as a "setup" stage.

__exit__()
2
This method is called when you exit a `with` block, allowing you to
clean up resources, close connections, or perform any necessary
actions before exiting. It acts as a "cleanup" or "teardown" phase.
Iteration: __iter__() and
__next__()

__iter__() __next__()
This method is called when you use an object with the `iter()` This method is called by the `next()` function during the
function. It returns an iterator object that will be used by the iteration. It returns the next value in the sequence. If there are
`next()` function to generate values. no more values, it raises a `StopIteration` exception to signal
the end of the iteration.
Attribute Access: __getattr__() and
__setattr__()

__getattr__()
This method is called when you try to access an attribute that doesn't exist.
1
You can define custom behavior or raise an exception.

__setattr__()
This method is called when you try to set an attribute's value.
2
You can override the default behavior, potentially perform
validation or logging before the attribute is set.

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