How the water pollution of Ganga

effects the shipping activity:-

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MARINE ENGINEERING

Name-Debmalya Kar
IMU Registration no-1636608012
8TH SEMESTER
ASSESSING THE POLLUTION SCENARIOS OF RIVER GANGA FROM KANPUR TO VARANASI OVER A CERTAIN PERIOD OF
YEARS:-
RIVER GANGA:-

The Ganges , or Ganga, is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569
mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic
Plain of India and Bangladesh, eventually emptying into the Bay of Bengal.The Ganges is a lifeline to millions who live
along its course. The Ganges is considered to be the most polluted river in the world.It is a most sacred river to Hindus, and
worshiped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism. It has been important historically: many former provincial or imperial capitals
(such as Patliputra, Kannauj, Kara, Kashi, Allahabad ,Murshidabad ,Munger,Baharampur ,Kampilya and Kolkata)have been
located on its banks.The Ganges is threatened by pollution, the danger this poses is not only to humans, but also to animals,
among which are more than 140 fish species, 90 amphibian species, reptiles such as the gharial, and mammals such as the
South Asian River Dolphin, the last-mentioned two included in the IUCN's critically endangered list. The levels of fecal
coliform bacteria from human waste in the river near Varanasi are more than a hundred times the Indian government's official
limit. The Ganga Action Plan, an environmental initiative to clean up the river, is considered a failure.
COURSE OF FLOW OF RIVER GANGA:-
The main stream of the river Ganges begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers in the town of
Devprayag in the Garhwal division of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The Bhagirathi is considered to be the source in
Hindu culture and mythology, although the Alaknanda is longer, and, therefore, hydrologically the source stream.The
headwaters of the Alakananda are formed by snowmelt from peaks such as Nanda Devi, Trisul, and Kamet. The
Bhagirathi rises at the foot of Gangotri Glacier, at Gomukh, at an elevation of 3,892 m (12,769 ft), being mythologically
referred to as, residing in the matted locks of Shiva, symbolically Tapovan, being a meadow of ethereal beauty at the feet
of Mount Shivling, just 5 km (3.1 mi) away.Although many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganges, the six
longest and their five confluences are considered sacred. The six headstreams are the Alaknanda, Dhauliganga,
Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini, and Bhagirathi rivers. The five confluences, known as the Panch Prayag, are all along the
Alaknanda. They are, in downstream order, Vishnuprayag, where the Dhauliganga joins the Alaknanda; Nandprayag,
where the Nandakini joins; Karnaprayag, where the Pindar joins, Rudraprayag, where the Mandakini joins; and finally,
Devprayag, where the Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda to form The Ganges.After flowing 249 km (155.343 mi) through its
narrow Himalayan valley, Ganga emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh, then debouches onto the Gangetic Plain at
the pilgrimage town of Haridwar. At Haridwar, a dam diverts some of its waters into the Ganga Canal, which irrigates the
Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, whereas the river, whose course has been roughly southwest until this point, now begins
to flow southeast through the plains of northern India.The Ganges river follows an 800 km (500 mi) arching course
passing through the cities of Kannauj, Farukhabad, and Kanpur. Along the way it is joined by the Ramganga, which
contributes an average annual flow of about 500 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s).
Ganga joins the river Yamuna at the Triveni Sangam at Prayagraj, a holy confluence in Hinduism. At their confluence
the Yamuna is larger than the Ganga, contributing about 2,950 m3/s (104,000 cu ft/s), or about 58.5% of the
combined flowNow flowing east, the river meets the Tamsa River (also called Tons), which flows north from the
Kaimur Range and contributes an average flow of about 190 m3/s (6,700 cu ft/s).
After the Tamsa the Gomti River joins,flowing south from the Himalayas. The Gomti contributes an average annual flow
of about 234 m3/s (8,300 cu ft/s). Then the Ghaghara River (Karnali River), also flowing south from the Himalayas of
Nepal, joins. The Ghaghara (Karnali), with its average annual flow of about 2,990 m3/s (106,000 cu ft/s), is the largest
tributary of the Ganges. After the Ghaghara (Karnali) confluence the Ganga is joined from the south by the Son River,
contributing about 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s). The Gandaki River, then the Kosi River, join from the north flowing from
Nepal, contributing about 1,654 m3/s (58,400 cu ft/s) and 2,166 m3/s (76,500 cu ft/s), respectively. The Kosi is the third
largest tributary of the Ganga, after the Ghaghara (Karnali) and Yamuna.The Kosi merges into the Ganga near Kursela in
Bihar.Along the way between Allahabad and Malda, West Bengal, the Ganges river passes the towns of Chunar, Mirzapur,
Varanasi, Ghazipur, Patna, Hajipur, Chapra, Bhagalpur, Ballia, Buxar, Simaria, Sultanganj, and Saidpur. At Bhagalpur, the
river begins to flow south-southeast and at Pakur, it begins itsattrition with the branching away of its first distributary, the
Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, which goes on to become the Hooghly River
IMPORTANCE OF RIVER GANGA:-
Ganga (Ganges) is the life source of northern India and is reckoned to be the most important river in Indian culture.
Finding its geographical origin at Gangotri Glacier (Gaumukh) in Uttarakhand, the river passes through 5 states
namely, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal before finally merging in to the ocean. This
mighty river play many roles in each state that it traverse through; at some places it is the source of irrigation; at
other places it is a source of electricity; in few places Ganga becomes the sin purifier; whereas at some other places
it is a playful river that facilitates many water sports. With the total length of 2525kms, it is the longest running
river in India. But it is not only geographically that this river has earned fame, in Hindu mythology Ganga is
worshipped as Goddess. She is believed to have inhabited in heaven as the daughter of Brahma (the creator). So, it
is clear that Ganga is no ordinary river for Indians; here are some facts that prove that Ganga (Gange) is indeed a
lifeline source in India.
STRETCH OF WORKING:-
Stretch of working starts from river Ganga starting from Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) passing
through prayaganj formerly Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh) ends at Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)

Working station 1 : KANPUR,

Working station 2 : VARANASI.

Major ports in Ganga basin :-

1. Multi model port ,Varanasi.

2. Kolkata port
3. Haldia port
GEOGRAPHIC DETAILS OF STRETCH OF WORKING:-
KANPUR:- Kanpur (formerly Cawnpore) is a large city in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city is famous for
its leather and textile industries. It is the 12th most populous city in India and 11th most populous urban
agglomeration. It is also the second largest city proper and the largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh.Located
on the west bank of the Ganges River, it is a major trade and commercial centre in North India.According to 2011
Indian census, it is the eleventh most populous urban city while the population of city and its suburb were around 5
million making it the eighth-most populous metropolitan area in India. Furthermore it is considered the world's most
polluted city by particulate matter concentration.
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Geographic Information:-
Country India

Latitude 26.449923

Longitude 80.331871

DMS Lat 26° 26' 59.7228‘’ N

DMS Long 80° 19' 54.7356'' E

VARANASI:Varanasi is located at an elevation of 80.71 metres (264.8 ft)[42] in the centre of the Ganges valley of North
India, in the Eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, along the left crescent-shaped bank of the Ganges, averaging
between 15 metres (50 ft) and 21 metres (70 ft) above the river.[43] The city is the headquarters of Varanasi district. By
road, Varanasi is located 797 kilometres (495 mi) south-east of New Delhi, 320 kilometres (200 mi) south-east of
Lucknow, 121 kilometres (75 mi) east of Allahabad,Located in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of North India, the land is very
fertile because low-level floods in the Ganges continually replenish the soil.[46] Varanasi is situated between the Ganges
confluences with two rivers: the Varuna and the Assi stream.

Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Geographic Information:-

Country India

Latitude 25.321684

Longitude 82.987289

DMS Lat 25° 19' 18.0624'' N

DMS Long 82° 59' 14.2404'' E

MAJOR INDUSTRIES ALONG THE STRETCH:-
WORKING STATION 1 ( KANPUR) : LEATHER AND TANNERY INDUSTRY,

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, TEXTILE INDUSTRY.

WORKING STATION 2 (VARANASI) : AGRO INDUSTRY.

WASTES RELEASED INTO RIVER GANGA FROM THESE INDUSTRIES:-

 LEATHER AND TANNERY INDUSTRY:The Leather industry releases large amounts toxic chemicals and acidic
effluents concentrated with heavy metal Chromium, Cadmium, Lead,Arsenic, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Zinc,
Manganese. All of these highly potent chemicals make their way into the Ganges.

 TEXTILE INDUSTRY :The textile processing includes various stages involving the use of numerous chemicals.
The textile industry produces wastes in the form of wastewater effluent. The wastewater effluent contains
solvents which are mostly organic along with used oils and coloring agents. In addition, solid wastes like fabrics
soaked with oil and grease are also produced. These wastes from textile industry are toxic and hazardous to the
environment.
 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:Chemical waste has proven to be a major source of pollution. 20% of all pollution entering the
river is of this type, and comes from such sources as paper mills, sugar mills, and tanneries ("Ganga Receives 2,900
Million Ltrs of Sewage Daily"). Chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury, sulfuric acid. chemical dyes, and heavy
metals frequently find their way into the water of the river, and pose a major threat. Additionally, chromium is 100 times
higher than the government limit at Kanpur (Morrison). Even hydrochloric acid and acetone are dumped into the river by
pharmaceutical companies (Hammer). These chemicals are very dangerous to the environment, as well as to the people
who drink the water or bathe in it. Because of this, there have been recent pushes to have the environment cleaned and
prevent businesses from dumping illegally.

 AGRO INDUSTRY : 6,000,000 tons of chemical fertilizer and 9,000 tons of pesticides enter the water through runoff.
Many people in the area of the river are farmers, and thus this is unavoidable without proper infrastructure. This fertilizer
is detrimental to the environment, as it promotes algae growth. This in turn causes the fish to be deprived of oxygen,
which kills them off (Sampat). The pesticides are also damaging to life in the river, and are hazardous to those who drink
the water as well.
 SHIPPING INDUSTRY:

 shipping industry has a large impact on water pollution.

The major impacts are—

 1.From oil spills

 2.From sewage plant

 3.Grey water pollution

 4.From Solid waste & chemical pollution

 5.physical pollution
WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS AT KANPUR:-
 Jal Nigam Water Treatment Plant.
 SUMI ENGINEERING & TECHNICAL SERVICES- Water treatment plant, Membrane, Water Softener Plant.
 Panki Water Treatement Plant.

WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS AT VARANASI:-

 Dinapur Sewage Treatment Plant.

 Varanasi Sewage Treatment Plant.

EFFECTS OF SHIPPING ACTIVITY BECAUSE OF POLLUTED GANGA RIVER
WATER:-

1. The water level is getting reduced by continuous collection of pollutants. Large

vessels like VLCC,ULCC couldn't enter in Kolkata port.
2. Tug boat and other small boats and vessels get blocked by plastic waste and other
solid pollutants.
3. Propellers can get chocked by this.
4. Pollution reduces river flow. This is slowing down transportation through ship.
5. Oil spills by ships in river also damage the local boat transportation.
 EFFECTS OF POLLUTED GANGA RIVER WATER:-

Marine life:-
The results of mercury analysis in various specimens collected along the basin indicated that some fish muscles
tended to accumulate high levels of mercury. Of it, approximately 50–84% was organic mercury. A strong positive
correlation between mercury levels in muscle with food habit and fish length was found.The Ganges river dolphin is
one of few species of fresh water dolphins in the world. Listed as an endangered species, their population is believed
to be less than 2000. Hydroelectric and irrigation dams along the Ganges that prevents the dolphins from travelling
up and down river is the main reason for their reducing population.[30] The Ganges softshell turtle (Nilssonia
gangetica) is found in the Ganges, Indus, and Mahanadi river systems of Pakistan, northern India, Bangladesh, and
southern Nepal. This turtle inhabits deep rivers, streams, large canals, lakes and ponds, with a bed of mud or sand.
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, freshwater turtle species are vulnerable. Due to
their long lifespan and high trophic level in the aquatic food web, turtles are vulnerable to heavy metals pollution, a
major kind of pollution in the Ganges.
Wildlife:-
Some of the dams being constructed along the Ganges basin will submerge substantial areas of nearby forest. For
example, the Kotli-Bhel dam at Devprayag will submerge 1200 hectares of forest, wiping out the forest area.

Human beings:-
An analysis of the Ganges water in 2006 and 2007 showed significant associations between water-borne/enteric disease and
the use of the river for bathing, laundry, washing, eating, cleaning utensils, and brushing teeth.Water in the Ganges has been
correlated to contracting dysentery, cholera, hepatitis, as well as severe diarrhoea which continues to be one of the leading
causes of death of children in India.
DATA:-

WORKING STATION 1 (KANPUR):-

YEAR BOD(mg/l) DO(mg/l) STANDARD VALUES (mg/l)

1986 7.2 7.2 3(BOD)5 (DO)

1993 1.9 7.5 3(BOD) 5 (DO)

2002 3.8 6.3 3(BOD) 5 (DO)

2005 4.3 6.2 3(BOD) 5(DO)

2008 3.4 4.9 3(BOD)5 (DO)

2011 3.3 7.7 3(BOD) 5 (DO)

WORKING STATION 2 (VARANASI) :-
YEAR BOD(mg/l) DO(mg/l) STANDARD VALUES.
(mg/l)

1986 10.6 5.9 3(BOD)5 (DO)

1993 1.0 7.6 3(BOD) 5 (DO)

2002 2.5 7.5 3(BOD 5 (DO)

2005 2.3 8.3 3(BOD) 5 (DO)

2008 3.0 7.3 3(BOD) 5 (DO)

2011 4.3 8 3(BOD) 5 (DO)

India issues first standardised ship design for Ganga:-

India issues first standardised ship design for GangaThe Inland Waterways
Authority of India (IWAI) issued 13 standardised ship designs suitable for
large barge haulage on river Ganga. This aims to serve as an enabler for
domestic shipbuilding industry working on inland vessels and open
possibilities for cargo and passenger movement on National Waterway-1.
CONCLUSION:-

I am the students of 4th year Marine department that the crisis in the Ganga River will never be fully
resolved. If action are not taken to help control pollution human health will continue to be disrupted. It
is important to target the main source of pollution and the exact measure to control them prior to the
escalation at which levels of pollution in the Ganga River are at now. .Places like Kannauj, Kanpur,
Allahabad, Patna have BOD more than the permissible limit. The DO content is quite fine ,and
are within the correct range. Conclusion- remark on the b o d and d o value as the latest available
data of all three station and comparing with the available cpcb standard remarks weather there ever or
below the permissible value.in the next same we would like to extra polate our available results to the
current period and find out the graphical equation by which this variation of parameter is taking
place .If all the plans work well, in future there will be a great chance to increase shipping
transportation through river Ganga.

THANK YOU