Ambo University Woliso Campus

School of Informatics and Technology

Department of Computer Sceince
Chapter 1
Mobile Computing and Wireless
Communications -- Overvie
Outline
•Introduction
•Mobile Applications
•Platforms to support mobile commerce
•Wireless middleware
Wireless Networks
Cellular networks: from 1 to 3G Networks
Wireless LANs
Satellites
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Overview
•Growing rapidly with many diverse applications
•Many strengths but a few weaknesses
•Different aspects of mobility:
•People (customers, suppliers, employees)
•Devices (laptops, palm pilots, beepers, PDA, sensors)
•Networks: wireless
•Mobile devices and wireless networks are not always same
Mobile Wireless Sample Applications
Devices Networks
No No Stationary workstations in office
No Yes Wireless LANs to connect office workers in an unwired building
Yes No Using a portable computer in a hotel or conference room
Yes Yes Cellular phones, Palm Pilots, portable offices,

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Framework for Discussion
Drivers

•Wireless Business,
Mobile Business, Government, and Life Regulations, and
Standards
Mobile Computing Applications

•Architectures and
Integration
Mobile Computing Platforms
(Wireless Middleware, Mobile IP)
•Wireless Security

Wireless Networks •Management and

(Wireless LANs, Cellular Networks, Support
Satellites, Wireless Local Loops)

Enablers
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Business Drivers: Evolution from e-Business to M-Business

HTML
Web Sites
Market + ePurchasing
differentiation + eCRM
through + eSCM
automation HTML + Mobility + self
Web Sites serve customers +
+ ePurchasing no latency + …
+ eCRM Next Generation
+ eSCM Enterprise (m-Business)
e-Business
(includes B2B)
HTML
Web Sites M-Government is
+ ePurchasing following same pattern:
Basic e-Commerce
from e-government to
(mainly C2B) m-government
HTML
Web Sites Basic Website 4
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Science By:- Ashebir D.
 Mobile Computing Applications
• Enable the business initiatives by supporting mobility of
– Customers
– Suppliers and Businesses
– Employees
• Mobile computing applications
– Wireless messaging (e.g., SMS)
– Mobile ecommerce (M-Commerce) and its variants
• Positional commerce (p-commerce) .
• Voice commerce (v-commerce).
• Television commerce (T-Commerce)
– Mobile ebusiness applications (MEBAs), e.g., M-CRM, M-portal
– Specialized applications
• Location sensitive apps
• Wireless sensor network apps
• Mobile agent apps
• Two views:
– Mobile applications are fundamentally new applications.
– Mobility is another dimension of the existing applications 5
Ambo University Woliso Campus 11/30/24 Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Mobile Computing Applications Categorization

B2B
C2B, B2C B2E, E2B
Consumer Business Employees

B2G, G2B

C2G, G2C
E2G, G2E
Citizens Government Employees

G2G
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Mobile Computing Platforms
S erv er
M o b ile D ev ice (W eb S erv er, eM ail serv er,
(C ell P h o n e, P D A , P o ck et P C ) M ain fra m e)

A p p licatio n A p p licatio n

M id d lew are M id d lew are

S erv ices M o b ile S erv ices
C o m p u tin g
L o cal N etw o rk P latfo rm L o cal N etw o rk
P latfo rm T ran sp o rt P latfo rm T ran sp o rt
S erv ices S erv ices S erv ices S erv ices

P h ys ic a l W ire le s s N e tw o rk
(A n te n n a s , T ra n s c e iv e rs , B a s e S ta tio n s ,
C e llu la r N e tw o rk s , 8 0 2 .1 1 L A N s ,
S a te llite s )
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Internet as the Network Platform
www.sun.com

arts.um.edu IP 75.10.17.3
WAN3
108.2.11.7 IP
WAN2 www.IBM.com
Switch
cs.um.edu /Gateway 75.10.17.1

108.2.11.5 Switch/Gateway
Switch/Gateway

IP
Bank1.co..uk
WAN1
(Typically
ATM, 83.13.17.3
Frame Relay,
Level3.co..uk X.25)

83.13.17.4

•DNS (Domain Name Services) translates cs.um.edu to 108.2.11.5

•Telnet cs.um.edu = Telnet 108.2.11.5
•FTP cs.um.edu = FTP 108.2.11.5
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Wireless Web
Wireless
Browser
4
http 2 Content
Wireless Web
Wireless Gateway 5 Server (XML/HTML)
Network
1 Back-end
3 Systems
Web http Web
over and
Browser Gateway
wired Internet Darabases

1. Access from Web browser to Web Server over wired Internet

2. Access to Web contents from HTML/XML files
3. Access to non-Web content through a Web gateway
4. Access from cellular phone over a wireless network
5. Access from wireless gateway to Web Server over wired Internet
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 WAP(Wireless Application Protocol)
•Intended for data entry/display on cellular phones
•“An open, global specification that empowers mobile users with wireless devices to
easily access and interact with information and services instantly.” www.wapforum.org
•Complete protocol stack similar to Internet protocols but optimized for wireless
information pull and push transport layer and above; across multiple wireless technologie

WAP Phone

WAP Web
Internet
Gateway Server
Wireless
network
with WAP
Protocol
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 WIRELESS NETWORKS

Different type of wireless networks support mobile

computing applications and platforms
• Cellular networks
– 1G to 5G
• Wireless LANs (802.11)
• Bluetooth
• Satellite systems
• Fixed Wireless Local loops
• Mobile Adhoc Networks
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Wireless Networks

Wireless LANs Wireless MANs Wireless WANs

Wireless Cellular Satellite Paging

Personal Business Local Loops Networks Systems Networks
Area LANs (Fixed Wireless)
Networks

Example1: Example1: Example1: Example1: Example1: Example1:

Bluetooth 802.11b LMDS GSM, 9.6 Kbps, Motorola FLEX,
1 Mbps, 11 Mbps, 37 Mbps, wide coverage Iridium
10 Meters 100 Meters 1.2 Kbps
2-4 Km up to 64 Mbps
Example2: globally
Other examples: Other Example2: 3G, 2 Mbps, Example2:
wireless sensor examples: FSO wide coverage Example 2: ReFLEX,
networks, UWB 802.11g, 1.25 Gbps Deep space 6.4Kbps
HiperLAN2 1-2 KM communication

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Local Area Networks (LANs) Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks (WANs)
(MANs)
Wired Wired LANs Wired MANs Wired WANs
Ethernet (10-100 Mbps, 150 to FDDI (100 Mbps, 50 Kilometers) ATM (44 Mbps to 140 Mbps)
500 meters) Frame Relay (44 Mbps)
Token Ring (4 -16 Mbps, 200 to
500 meters)
Wireless Wireless LANs Wireless MANs Wireless WANs
Bluetooth (1 Mbps, 10 meters) wireless local loops (10 Mbps, Current GSM systems at
IEEE 802.11 LANs (2-11 Mbps, 100 Kilometers) 9.6Kbps, future 3G systems at 2
100 meters) Mbps

Issues unique to wireless

•Frequency allocation
•Multiple Access
•Location

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 A Sample Wireless School

Link to
Public Ethernet

C D
T1
or LAN Server
DSL Wireless LAN
Wireless LAN
Cell Cell
Y Z

Router Centrex

•X, Y, Z are Wired Ethernet LAN

access points
Wireless LAN
for the wireless Cell
Ethernet LANs
•A, B, C, D are
X
student laptops
A B
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Bluetooth
• Founders: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba; May 98
• Currently: Over 850 companies, V1.0 spec issued 7/99
• Small form factor, low-cost, short range radio link between
mobile PCs, phones and other portable devices
• Relatively fast, short packets
• Software for service and device discovery
• Typical application: cellular phone to PDA or earphone
• Forecast: 79% of digital handsets and > 200 million PCs
will use Bluetooth by 2002 -- Dataquest

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Bluetooth

PSTN

Access
Point

Cellular
Bluetooth Piconet Network
Wired
LAN (1 Mbps, 10 meters)
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Wireless Local Loops
Telephone
Inter-
Computers Exchange
Wireless Toll
Connecting
Switch
PBX, TV Local
Loop Trunks

Intertoll
Trunks

Telephone
Local
Inter-
Control
Exchange
Wired Office Toll
Connecting
Switch
Local
Loop Trunks

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 A Cellular Network
Cell 1

Mobile Public
Telephone Switched
Switching Telephone
Cell 2 Center Network
(MTSC) (PSTN)

HLR VLR

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Mobile User
Cordless connection HLR = Home Location Register
Wired connection
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VLR = Visitor Location Register
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Cellular networks: What is 3G Anyway?
• 1G: First generation wireless cellular: Early 1980s
– Analog transmission, primarily speech
• 2G: Second generation wireless cellular: Late 1980s
– Digital transmission
– Primarily speech and low bit-rate data
– High-tier: GSM, IS-95 (CDMA), etc
– Low-tier (PCS): Low-cost, low-power, low-mobility e.g. PACS
• 2.5G: 2G evolved to medium rate (< 100kbps) data
• 3G: future: Broadband multimedia
– 144 kbps - 384 kbps for high-mobility, high coverage
– 2 Mbps for low-mobility and low coverage

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Evolution to 3G
Data Rates
2 Mbps

1 Mbps 3G
(144Kbps to 2Mbps)

100 Kbps
2.5G
(10-150Kbps)
10 Kbps
2G
(9.6Kbps)
1 Kbps
1G
(<1Kbps)

1980 1990 2000 2010

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Wireless LANs
• First generation of products at about 1-2 Mbps
– Lucent’s WaveLAN, RadioLAN, etc.
– factor of 10 less bandwidth than current Ethernet
• Next generation of products at 10-11 Mbps
– factor of 10 less bandwidth than 100 Mbps Ethernet
• IEEE 802.11 standard –
– very successful at present (wi-Fi)
– Can deliver up to 64 mbps
• Important niche and enterprise applications (e.g. hospitals)
• Increasing horizontal market interest (e.g. SOHO)

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Satellite Communications

Downlink Uplink

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Other issues

Integration

Security

Management and support

Regulations and standards

Wireless Business and Industry

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Wireless Wireless Data Wireless Wireless
Reference
Telephone Network Management Consulting
Model
Business Business Business Business

7. Application
Applications
Wireless (e.g., SMS,
email, Wireless Systems
Telephony Application Consulting
6. Presentation Wireless Web,
Applications and
and Mobile EC/EB)
Platform
5. Session Services Management

PSTN IP Data
4. Transport Network
Routing
Routing Wireless
3. Network Wireless Network
Physical Network Elements Network Consulting
(Cellular networks, Management and
2. Data Layer Wireless LANs, Engineering
Satellites, Services
1. Physical Wireless Local Loops)
Call
Switching
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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.
 Summary
• Mobile applications is a tremendous area of growth
• Business drivers such as M-Business are significant
• Mobile computing platforms have to handle special cases:
– Slow line speeds (19.2 Kbps)
– Congestions are usual
– More error prone
• Different types of wireless networks
– Cellular
– Wireless LANs
– Satellites
– Wireless local loops
– Many emerging areas: sensor networks, Mobile Adhoc Networks, Free
Space Optics
• Many issues in Architectures, security and management
• Standards work is also progressing in many areas

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Ambo University Woliso Campus Department of Computer Sciecne By:- Ashebir D.