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Day 11 Chapter 8part12

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16 views17 pages

Day 11 Chapter 8part12

Uploaded by

vuloveyourself
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 8 (part 1&2)

From Ethos to Logos


Appealing to your readers
Objectives
By the end of this lesson, the students will be able
to:
1.understand what ethos, pathos, and logos are in
academic writing and the importance of using these
rhetorical appeals in their argumentative essays.
2.identify which rhetorical appeal is used in a
statement.
3.determine which rhetorical appeal would be most
effective in a specific situation.
4.analyze rhetorical appeals in a text.
5.know how to use rhetorical appeals to persuade
their readers in their argumentative essays.
The rhetorical triangle
The art of persuading
2 parties to be concerned with:
The rhetor: the party that is attempting to
persuade, and
The audience: the party that is the target of
persuasion
The rhetorical appeals are the three elements to the
art of persuasion as defined by Aristotle
ethos: The rhetor is perceived by the audience as
credible (or not).
pathos: The rhetor attempts to persuade the
audience by making them feel certain emotions.
logos: The rhetor attempts to persuade the
audience by the use of arguments that they will
perceive as logical. (Q)
How many appeals are used?
I have to tell you that if you don't stop
smoking, you're going to die, " said the
doctor to her patient.
Determine which rhetorical
appeal is used
1. My mom left me as a child and I had to pretty much
raise my brother. It was tough, but we got through
it.
2. Her classroom was so hot I was sweating. You can
see the sweat stains.
3. I ate one of those candy bars and it didn't taste good
to me.
4. The US should continue to send aid overseas to help
the starving children.
5. Mrs. Smith is so hard. Only half of her students
actually pass.
6. The dropout rate in St. Johns County is only 3%. That
shows that St. John's county is successful at keeping
kids in school.
Decide the most effective
appeals for each of the
following topics
1. Why grades should/shouldn’t matter.
2. Why you should be allowed to submit your
assignment late.
3. Why men need to take care of money matters
in a relationship.
4. Why there should/shouldn’t be homework for
students during summer holiday.
5. Why …
What is more effective in
academic essays?
Ethos?
Pathos?
Logos?
It's not necessary for every act of
persuasion to make use of all three
appeals. Often, however, there is some
element of each. In academic writing,
ethos and logos are given more respect
than pathos.
Practice (30 minutes)
Suppose that you are a new staff to the HR
Department. You wish to write a proposal for
a mentoring program designed for all new
employees of the company.
Think about how to use the 3 rhetorical
devices you have learnt in the proposal to
successfully persuade the HR manager to
accept your proposal.
Give examples to illustrate the 3 devices.
Logical fallacies
Erroneous appeal to authority
An authority is someone with expertise in a
given subject. A false/erroneous authority is
an author who claims to be an authority but
is not, or someone an author cites as an
authority who is not.
Chapter 8: Part 2
Logical fallacies
Ad hominem: an ad hominem argument
focusing on the person making a claim
instead of on the claim itself.
Shifting the issue: this type of fallacy
occurs when an author draws attention
away from the issue instead of offering
evidence that will enable people to draw
their own conclusion about the soundness
of an argument.
Logical fallacies
Either/or fallacy: occurs when the author
takes two extreme positions to force readers to
make a choice between two seemingly
contradictory positions.
Sweeping generalization: occurs when an
author attempts to draw a conclusion without
providing sufficient evidence to support the
conclusion or without examining possible
counterarguments.
Hasty generalization: occurs when an author
draws a conclusion about a group based on a
sample that is too small to be representative.
Logical fallacies
Bandwagon: readers are urged to accept an
idea just because a significant number of
people support it.
Begging the question: entails making a
circular argument that asks readers to accept a
premise that is also the conclusion they are
expected to draw.
False analogy: persuades readers to accept
that an idea is true by making a comparison
although the comparison is not reasonable.
Technical jargon: uses technical terms to
confuse the readers.
Logical fallacies
Confusing cause and effect: assumes cause
and effect when two factors are simply
associated with each other.
Appeal to fear: makes an appeal to readers
irrational fears and prejudices, preventing
them from dealing fairly with a given issue
Fallacy of division: suggests that what is
true of the whole must be also true of its parts.
Example: Conservatives have always voted
against raising the minimum wage. Therefore,
conservative Senator Harrison will vote this
way.
Logical fallacies
Straw man: ignores a person’s actual
position then turns it into something easy
to attack.
Fallacy of the middle ground: assumes
that the middle position between two
extreme positions must be correct.
(although the middle position may be true,
evidence must be presented to justify it.)
Practice exercises
Do the practice exercises in the handout
(30 minutes)
Homework
Get prepared for the next meeting by
reading chapter 9 in the textbook.

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