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    Unit - 4 KR

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    pavanithakkellapalli

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    Unit - 4 KR

    Uploaded by

    pavanithakkellapalli
    3 views25 pages

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    UNIT – 4 KR

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    3 views25 pages

    Unit - 4 KR

    Uploaded by

    pavanithakkellapalli

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    UNIT – 4

    KNOWLEDGE
    REPRESENTATION
    SEMANTIC NETWORKS
    EXAMPLE
    • LET US MAKE A SEMANTIC NET WITH THE FOLLOWING
    INFORMATION

    Twenty is a Yellow Bird,


    having Wings to Fly.
    No of Facts from the
    Information
    Semantic representation
    FRAMES
    EXAMPLES
    PRODUCTION RULES
    EXAMPLES
    EXAMPLES
    SCRIPTS

    • -The written text

    • SCRIPTS in AI are knowledge representation techniques


    used to Organize and Structure information
    hierarchically and contextually.

    • Works by using advanced algorithms and natural


    language processing to understand user inputs and
    generate scripts.
    INHERITANCE IN TAXONOMIES

    • Inheritance in taxonomies plays a pivotal role in


    knowledge representation within AI.

    • Taxonomies provide a hierarchical structure that


    organizes knowledge into categories, and

    • Inheritance ensures efficient knowledge reuse and


    representation.
    INHERITANCE

    • Inheritance - Process by which a subclass inherits


    properties, attributes, and relationships from its
    superclass.

    • Ensures that common characteristics need to be defined


    only once at a higher level in the taxonomy.
    TAXONOMY

    • Taxonomies are hierarchical structures

    - used to classify and organize objects,


    concepts, or entities in a domain.

    • In a taxonomy, objects are grouped into categories that


    can be further divided into subcategories.
    Formal Representation of
    Inheritance in AI
    • In AI systems, inheritance is often represented using
    frames or semantic networks.

    • Frames:

    - A frame is a data structure used to represent an


    object or concept.

    - Attributes (known as slots) are defined in the


    frame, and subclasses can inherit these slots.
    Formal Representation of
    Inheritance in AI
    • Semantic Networks:

    - In semantic networks, inheritance is


    represented through links between nodes.

    - Nodes represent concepts, and inheritance links


    show how specific concepts inherit properties from
    more general ones.
    DESCRIPTIONAL LOGIC

    • Description logic is a formalism used for knowledge


    representation and reasoning in artificial intelligence.

    • Description logic can be seen as a set of constraints on


    the set of all possible models (or interpretations) of that
    concept.

    • EXAMPLE

    • CSP
    FORMAL CONCEPT ANALYSIS

    • How objects can be hierarchically grouped together


    according to their common attributes.

    • Typically used as a method of Knowledge


    Representation.
    FORMAL CONCEPT ANALYSIS
    FORMAL CONCEPT ANALYSIS
    CONCEPTUAL GRAPH

    • Conceptual graphs are a knowledge representation


    language designed as a synthesis of several different
    traditions.

    • Based on the semantic networks of AI

    • Express in a way that's human-readable, logically


    precise, and computationally tractable.
    KNOWLEDGE REASONING

    • Field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to


    representing information about the world in a form
    that a computer system can use to solve complex
    tasks.

    • Types Of Reasoning
    • Inductive Reasoning

    • Deductive Reasoning
    INDUCTIVE REASONING
    • In Inductive Reasoning, the conclusion is
    probabilistic, meaning it is likely to be true but not
    necessarily true. Inductive Reasoning is often used in
    science and statistical analysis.
    DEDUCTIVE REASONING
    • Deductive Reasoning is a type of Reasoning in AI that
    involves concluding a set of premises or assumptions
    using logical rules.

    • In Deductive Reasoning, the conclusion must also be


    true if the premises are true.
    Inductive vs Deductive
    • The main difference between inductive and deductive
    Reasoning is the level of certainty of the conclusion. In
    inductive Reasoning, the conclusion is probabilistic,
    meaning it is likely to be true but not necessarily true.
    In deductive Reasoning, the conclusion is certain,
    meaning that it must be true if the premises are true.

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