MATLAB

MATLAB Basics SCEGE

BASICS

MATLAB Basics

Lecturer: Dr. Gilford B. Estores

MATLAB
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB SCEGE
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What is MATLAB?

- The name stands for MATrix LABoratory

- MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical
computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and
programming environment.
- MATLAB is a modern programming language
environment: it has sophisticated data structures,
contains built-in editing and debugging tools, and
supports object-oriented programming.

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THE MATLAB SYSTEM

- Development Environment
- The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library
- The MATLAB Language
- The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

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Development Environment

- Set of tools and facilities that help use MATLAB

functions and files.
- Includes:
- MATLAB Desktop
- Command Window
- Command History
- Editor and Debugger and browsers for viewing help
- Workspace

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MATLAB MATHEMATICAL FUNCTION LIBRARY

- This is a vast collection of computational algorithms
ranging from elementary functions
Examples:
> sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic
> sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix
eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier
transforms.

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MATLAB LANGUAGE

- This is a high-level matrix/array language with control

flow statements, functions, data structures,
input/output, and object-oriented programming
features.
- It allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly
create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and
"programming in the large" to create complete large
and complex application programs.

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GRAPHICS
- MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors
and matrices as graphs, as well as annotating and
printing these graphs.
- It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional data visualization, image processing,
animation, and presentation graphics.
- It also includes low-level functions.

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MATLAB APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACE

- This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran

programs that interact with MATLAB.
- It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB
(dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational
engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.

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Entering Commands and Expressions

The prompt >> is displayed in the Command

Window and when the Command Window is
active, a blinking cursor should appear to the right
of the prompt.
This cursor and the MATLAB prompt signify that
MATLAB is waiting to perform a mathematical
operation.

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Commands for Managing a Session
- Removes all the variables from the
clear workspace.
- Frees up system memory
- Displays the list of variables currently in
who
the memory.
- Will display more details which include
whos size, space, allocation and class of
variables
exist - Checks for existence of the variable.
global - Declares variable to be global.
help - Searches for help topic
lookfor - Searches help entries for keyword
quit - Stops the MATLAB
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Help Features in MATLAB

helpbrowser Opens the help window

Displays the help document in the
help function_name
command window
Displays the help document in
helpwin function_name
separate window
doc function_name Displays detailed help document in
separate window

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Numeric Display Formats

- Controls the display output of the command
format
window
Common Format Functions
short - Four decimal digits
long - Sixteen decimal digits
short e - Five decimal digits plus exponent
long e - Sixteen digits plus exponent
bank - Two decimal digits

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Mathematical Functions

Special Variables and Constants

ans - Most recent answer

i, j - The imaginary unit
Inf - Infinity
NaN - Undefined numerical result (not a number)
pi - The number

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Mathematical Functions
Elementary Functions
cos(x) Cosine abs(x) Absolute value
sin(x) Sine ceil(x) Round towards + Inf
tan(x) Tangent floor(x) Round towards - Inf
acos(x) Arc cosine round(x) Round
asin(x) Arc sine rem(x) Remainder after division
atan(x) Arc tangent angle(x) Phase
exp(x) Exponential conj(x) Complex Conjugate
sqrt(x) Square root imag (x) imaginary
Natural
log(x) real (x) Real number
Logarithm
Common
log10(x) primes (x) Prime Number
Logarithm 13
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Mathematical Functions
Scalar Arithmetic

Symbol Operation

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Right Division

\ Left Division

^ Exponentiation

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Mathematical Functions

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

exponential exp (x)

Natural Logarithm log (x)
Common Logarithm log10 (x) = [ log10 (x) ]
Square root sqrt (x)

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MATLAB
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One of the strengths of MATLAB is the

capability to handle collections of numbers, called
arrays, as if they were a single variable. Single
numbers are called scalars, whereas, arrays are
collections of scalars arranged in a specific order.

An example of an array variable is one that

contains the numbers 0, 1, 3, and 6, in the order.
We can use square brackets to define the variable
x to contain this collection by typing
>>x = [ 0, 1, 3, 6].

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CREATING ARRAYS
A. ROW VECTOR
Type the elements inside a pair of square
brackets, separating the elements inside with a
space or a comma.
Example:
>>A = [10 –3 4 6] or
>>A = [10, –3, 4, 6]

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B. COLUMN VECTOR

Separate the elements by semicolons or

create a row vector first and then use the
transpose notation ( ‘ ) which converts a row
vector into a column vector, or vice versa.
Example:
>>B=[–5; 3; 6; 0; 2] or
>>B=[–5, 3, 6, 0, 2]’

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Another way is to type a left bracket and

the first element, press ENTER, type the
second element, press ENTER, and so on until
you type the last element followed by the right
bracket.
Example:
>>B=[–5
3
6
0
2]
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C. MATRICES

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APPENDING ARRAYS

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SPECIAL WAY OF CREATING

MATRICES
1. Using :
The colon ( : ) generates a vector of
regularly spaced elements. Typing
>>x = [m: q: n]
creates a vector x with first value m and last
value n with a spacing q. The last value is
less than n if m – n is an integer not multiple
of q.

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Example:
>>x = [2: 2: 8]
>>y = [1: 3: 11]
>>z = [20: –2: 10]
If q is omitted, it is presumed to be 1.
Example:
>>w = [–3: 2]

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2. Using linspace
Linspace command creates a linearly spaced
row vector by specifying the number of
elements rather than the increment. The syntax
>>x = [a, b, n] means creating a vector x
where a and b are the lower and upper limits,
respectively and n is the number of elements.
Example:
>>linspace (5, 8, 31).
It contain 31 elements. If n is omitted, the
default value is 100.
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3. Using logspace
It creates an array of logarithmically spaced
elements. The syntax is
>>logspace (a, b, n)
where n is the number of elements between
10a and 10b.
Example:
>>x = logspace (–1, 1, 6)
If n is omitted, the number of elements defaults
to 50.

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SOME USEFUL ARRAY FUNCTIONS

Functions Descriptions
magic(n) creates an n x n matrix where the
sum of its diagonal, rows and
columns are equal
eye(n) creates an n x n identity matrix
ones(n) creates an n x n matrix of ones
ones(m,n) creates an m x n matrix of ones
zeros(n) creates an n x n matrix of zeros
zeros(m,n) creates an m x n matrix of zeros
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SOME USEFUL ARRAY FUNCTIONS

size(A) returns a row vector [m, n] containing the
sizes of the m x n array A

length(A) computes either the number of elements

of A if A is a vector or the largest value of
m or n if A is an m x n matrix

sum(A) sums the elements in each column of the

array A and returns a row vector
containing the sums
sort(A) sorts each column of the array A in
ascending order and returns an array the
same size as A 29
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SOME USEFUL ARRAY FUNCTIONS

max(A) returns the algebraically largest

element in A if A is a vector. Returns
a row vector containing the largest
elements in each column if A is a
matrix
min(A) same as max(A) but returns
minimum values
diag(A) returns the main diagonal of A

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ARRAY OPERATIONS
(Element-by-element operations)
Symbols Operations
+ Scalar-array addition
– Scalar-array subtraction
+ Array addition
– Array subtraction
.* Array multiplication
./ Array right division
.\ Array left division
.^ Array exponentiation 31
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MATRIX OPERATIONS
Applies the same rule in ordinary matrices
operations in Mathematics.
Note:
1. + and – apply the same rule as in element-
by-element operations.
2. A/B = A*B-1 , where B-1 is the inverse of B.
3. A^2 = A*A
4. AB is not defined .

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Determinants

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FIGURE WINDOWS
MATLAB directs graphics output to a
window called figure that is separate
from the command window. The figure
function creates figure windows.

Example: >>figure

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2-D Plotting
The plot function is used to produce two-
dimensional curves, using x- and y-data
matricesspecified by the user.
plot(xdata,ydata,’cml’)

You can plot multiple lines at once, using pairs

of x- and y-data, or triples of x, y.
plot(x1,y1,’clm1’,x2,y2,’cml2’)

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Examples:
>> x = 0:10 ;
>> y = 2*x + 3;
>> plot(x,y)

>> y1 = 4*x – 2;
>> y2 = x + 2;
>> plot(x,y1,x,y2)

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Adding a Grid
grid on creates a
grid on the current
figure

grid off turns off the

grid from the current
figure

grid toggles the grid

state

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Color, Line Style and Marker

The user can specify the color, line style and marker
of a graph. If not, a blue solid line without marker
symbols, is produced. Some of them are:

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Graph a red sine

wave
>> x = 0:0.1:2*pi;
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y,’ro’)
>> grid on
>> axis equal

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Adding Additional Plots to a Figure

By default, plot deletes existing lines and resets all axis
properties when a new line is drawn.

hold on holds the current plot

hold off releases hold on the current plot

hold toggles the hold state

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Add graph of magenta

cosine wave
>> x = 0:0.1:2*pi;
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y,’ro’)
>> grid on
>> axis equal
>> y1=cos(3*x);
>> hold on
>> plot(x,y1,’m*-’)
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Displaying Multiple Plots per Figure

Format: subplot(m,n,i)
This function breaks the figure window into m-by-n matrix of
small subplots and selects the ith subplot for the current plot.

Example:

subplot(2,2,i)
1 2
where i = 1 to 4

>> subplot(2,2,1)
>> subplot(2,2,2)
>> subplot(2,2,3) 3 4
>> subplot(2,2,4)
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ezplot
ezplot is an easy to use function plotter for algebraic and
transcendental functions, parametric equations, implicit and
explicit functions.
ezplot(f)
plots the expression f = f(x) over the default
domain -2 < x < 
ezplot(f,[a,b])
plots f = f(x) over a < x < b
Examples:
>> ezplot(‘cos(x)’)
>> ezplot(‘1/y-log(y)+log(-1+y)+x-1’)
>> ezplot(‘x^2+y^2-4’,[-3,3])
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MATLAB
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What is a Live Script?

A MATLAB live script is an interactive document

that combines MATLAB code with embedded
output, formatted text, equations, and images in a
single environment called
the Live Editor. Live scripts are stored using
the Live Script file format in a file with
a .mlx extension.

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Use live scripts to:

1. Visually explore and analyze problems
Write, execute, and test code in a single interactive environment.
Run blocks of code individually or as a whole file, and view the results and
graphics with the code that produced them.

2. Share richly formatted, executable narratives

Add titles, headings, and formatted text to describe a process and
include LaTeX equations, images, and hyperlinks as supporting material.
Save your narratives as richly formatted, executable documents and share them
with colleagues or the MATLAB community, or convert them to HTML or PDF files
for publication.

3. Create interactive lectures for teaching

Combine code and results with formatted text and mathematical equations.
Create step-by-step lectures and evaluate them incrementally to illustrate a topic.
Modify code on the fly to answer questions or explore related topics.
Share lectures with students as interactive documents or in hardcopy format, and
distribute partially completed files as assignments.
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Format Live Scripts

You can add formatted text, hyperlinks, images, and equations to your
live scripts to create a presentable document to share with others.
To insert an item, go to the Live Editor tab and in the Insert section,
select one of these options:

• Code — This inserts a blank line of code into your live script. You can
insert a code line before, after, or between text lines.

• Text — This inserts a blank line of text into your live script. A text line
can contain formatted text, hyperlinks, images, or equations. You can
insert a text line before, after, or between code lines.

•Section Break — This inserts a section break into your live script. Insert
a section break to divide your live script into manageable sections that
you can evaluate individually. In live scripts, a section can consist of
code, text, and output. For more information, see
Run Sections in Live Scripts.
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• Equation — This inserts an equation into your live script. Equations can only be
added in text lines. If you insert an equation into a code line, MATLAB places the
equation in a new text line directly under the selected code line. For more
information, see Insert Equations into Live Scripts

• Hyperlink — This inserts a hyperlink into your live script. Hyperlinks can only be
added in text lines. If you insert a hyperlink into a code line, MATLAB places the
hyperlink in a new text line directly under the selected code line.

• Image — This inserts an image into your live script. Images can only be added in
text lines. If you insert an image into a code line, MATLAB places the image in a
new text line directly under the selected code line.

Format Text
You can further format text using any of the styles included in the Text
Style section. Use the down arrow to the right of the section to display all the
available text style options. Styles include Normal, Heading, Title, Bulleted List,
and Numbered List.

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Save Live Script as Script

To save a live script as a plain code file (.m).

1.On the Live Editor tab, in the File section,
select Save > Save As....
2.In the dialog box that appears, select MATLAB
Code files (*.m) as the Save as type.
3.Click Save.
When saving, MATLAB converts all formatted
content to publish markup.

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