Course content

1) Basic Concepts
2) Tools
3) Database architecture and design
4) Flow of data (DFDs)
5) Mappings (ERDs)
6) Formulating queries (Relational algebra)
7) Implementing Schema
8) Built-in Functions
9) Extracting data
10) Working with Joins
11) Normalization
12) Improving performance
13) Advanced topics
1) Basic Concepts
 Databases
 DBMS
o File processing system
o Pros and Cons of Database systems
o Data and its levels
o Users
Lecture overview
 Traditional File processing system
 Its problems
 Database systems
 Pros n Cons of Database systems
File Processing System
Traditional file processing
system
 First computer based approach of handling
commercial data
 Called replacement of manual file system
which was laborious, time consuming
and in-efficient specially if dealing with
large data
 The file processing system transformed the
manual file work to computers making it
fast and efficient. However, it had some
major flaws and which were identified later
Data and application
dependency
Redundancy and wastage of
storage
More short-comings
 Non-sharing of data between different
systems of the organization
 Vulnerable security
 Hard to modify (maintainability)
Database systems
Advantages of Databases
Data Sharing
 The data for different applications or
subsystems is placed at the same place.
This introduces the major benefit of
data sharing. That is, data that is
common among different applications
need not to be stored repeatedly, as
was the case in the file processing
environment.
Data Independence
 Data and programs are independent of
each other, so change in one has no or
minimum effect on other. Data and its
structure is stored in the database
where as application programs
manipulating this data are stored
separately, the change in one does not
unnecessarily effect other.
Controlled Redundancy
 Means that we do not need to duplicate
data unnecessarily; we do duplicate
data in the databases, however, this
duplication is deliberate and controlled.
Better Data Integrity
 means the validity of the data being entered in the
database
 Since the data is being placed at a central place
and being managed by the DBMS, so it provides
a very conducive way to check or ensure that the
data being entered into the database is actually
valid.
 Now if the data entered is not valid, how can we
be sure that the processing in the database is
correct and the results or the information
produced is valid
 In the database system environment, DBMS
provides many features to ensure the data
integrity, hence provides more reliable data
processing environment.
Data Consistency
 Data consistency means that the
changes made to different occurrence of
data should be controlled and managed
in such a way that all the occurrences
have same value for any specific data
item.
 Inconsistent data will lead to incorrect
results
Better data Security
 All application programs access data
through DBMS, So DBMS can very
efficiently check that which user is
performing which action and accessing
which part of data , So a DBMS most
effectively control and maintain security
of Data stored in a database.
Faster Application Development
 It is because the database is designed
with the factor of future developments in
mind
 Reasons are:
Data needed by application already
resides in the database
If data does not exist it could also be
derived
from the existing data
Economy of Scale
 Databases and database systems are
designed to share data stored in one
location for many different purposes
 Saves storage space
 Reduced effort
 In return saves finances
Better Concurrency Control
 Concurrency means the access of database
from many numbers of points
simultaneously.
 Concurrency control means to access the
database in such a way that all the data accesses
are completed correctly and transparently.
 One example of controlled concurrency is the use
of ATM Machine for withdrawal of money (cash).
 As there are thousands of ATM terminal across the
world for a specific bank so as a result thousands
of user process and access the bank’s database.
All this process is managed concurrently using the
database systems
Better Backup and Recovery
Facility
 Data is a very important resource and is very much
valuable for any organization, loss of such a
valuable resource can result in a huge strategic
disasters.
 Storage devices may break and result in loss of data
 It is very important to take periodic backups of
data, so that in case of damage data is being
restored to the nearest point.
 Database systems offer excellent facilities for
taking backup of data and good mechanism of
restoring those backups to get back the backed-up
data.
 Transaction feature
Disadvantages
 High cost
On specialized software and qualified staff
 Conversion cost
Finances and man-power required for
conversion from traditional file processing
system to Database
 Difficult recovery procedures
Although it has efficient techniques of data
recovery in case of disaster. At times it
require good professional skills for
recovery
1) Basic Concepts
 Databases
 DBMS
 File processing system
 Pros n Cons of Database systems
o Data and its levels
o Users
Next Lecture
 Tool
s
Lab Activity-2
 Download
MySQL Database Server
MySQL WorkBench
MySQL QueryBrowser
 Install
All of them
Check for MS Access
Exercise
 Think about the data that you may want
to store about different things around
you
 List the changes that may arise during
the working of any system, lets say
Railway Reservation System