Integrated Services Digital Network

 Public networks are used for a variety of

services
– Public Switched Telephone Network
– Private Lines (leased)
– Packet Switched Data Networks
– Circuit Switched Data networks

1
ISDN
 Users have a variety of equipment to
connect to public networks
– Telephones
– Private Branch Exchanges
– Computer Terminals or PCs
– Mainframe Computers
 A variety of physical interfaces and access
procedures are required for connection
2
ISDN
 The telephone network has evolved into a
digital one with digital exchanges and links
 The signalling system has become a digital
message-oriented common channel
signalling system (SS#7)
 The term ‘Integrated Digital Network’ is
used to describe these developments

3
ISDN
 The Public Switched Telephone network is
still analogue from the subscriber to the
local exchange
 The need has arisen to extend the digital
network out to subscribers and to provide a
single standardised interface to all different
users of public networks
 ISDN fulfils that need
4
Figure 15-1
ISDN Services

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Integrated Services Digital
Network
Packet
switched
network
Telephone
Circuit
Data switched
terminal network
Customer ISDN
ISDN central
PBX
Interface office
Databases

Alarm ‘Digital
pipe’ Other
LAN Networks
& services 6
Figure 15-4

Analog and Digital Services

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 15-5

Integrated Digital Network

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 15-6

Integrated Services Digital Network

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

ISDN
 In Practice there are multiple networks
providing the service nationally
 The user however, sees a single network

10
Benefits to Subscribers
 Single access line for all services
 Ability to tailor service purchased to suit
needs
 Competition among equipment vendors due
to standards
 Availability of competitive service
providers

11
Architecture
Integrated Digital Network

Digital circuit-
switched backbone
Common ISDN
physical central
Packet-switched network
interface office

ISDN subscriber loop

Basic 2B+D
Primary 30B+D
Network-based
processing
services

12
ISDN Channels
 The Digital pipe is made up of channels -
one of three types
 B channel, D channel or H channel
 Channels are grouped and offered as a
package to users

13
B Channel
 B channel-64 kbps
 B is basic user channel
– can carry digital data or PCM-encoded voice
– or mixture of lower rate traffic.

14
B Channel
 Four kinds of connection possible
 Circuit-switched
 Packet-switched - X.25
 Frame mode - frame relay (LAPF)
 Semipermanent - equivalent to a leased line

15
D Channel
 D Channel - 16 or 64 kbps
 Carries signalling information to control
circuit-switched calls on B channels
 Can also be used for packet switching or
low-speed telemetry

16
H Channel
 Carry user information at higher bit rates
384kbps or 1536kbps or 1920kbps
 Can be used as a high-speed trunk
 Can also be subdivided as per user’s own
TDM scheme
 Uses include high speed data, fast
facsimile, video, high-quality audio

17
ISDN Channels and their
Applications

B Channel D Channel H Channel

(64 kbps) (16/64 kbps) (384/1536 kbps)
Digital voice Signalling High-speed trunk
(using SS#7)
High-speed data Low- speed Very high speed
(e.g. packet and data, (e.g. data
circuit switched packet, terminal,
data) videotex)
Other (e.g. fax, Other (e.g. Other (e.g. fast
slow video) telemetry) fax. Video)

18
ISDN Channel Groupings
 Basic Access -
 two 64 kbps B channels
 plus one 16kbps D channel
 B channels can be used for voice and data
 simultaneous calls to separate destinations
supported
 D channel used for signalling and also for data
using X.25

19
ISDN Basic Access
 Intended for small business and residential
use
 A single physical interface is provided
 Data rate is 144kbps plus 48kbps overhead
bits totalling 192 kbps
 Most existing subscriber loops can support
basic access

20
Figure 15-7

Basic Rate Interface

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 15-17
BRI Frame

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

ISDN Primary Access
 Intended for users with greater capacity
requirements
 Example would be a digital PBX
 Two standards exist
– 1.544 Mbps American
– 2.048 Mbps European

23
Figure 15-20
PRI Frame

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 15-8
Primary Rate Interface

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

ISDN Primary Access
 Typically it is structured as 30 B channels
plus one 64kbps D channel (Europe)
 Can also be structured as H channels
– 5H0 +D for a 2.048 Mbps interface
– or 1H12 +D

26
ISDN Primary Interface
 Multiple channels multiplexed on single
medium
 Only point to point configuration is allowed
 Typically supports a digital PBX and
provides a synchronous TDM facility

27
User Access
 Defined using two concepts
– Functional groupings of equipment
– Reference points to separate functional
groupings

28
Typical User Access Layout

ISDN
Tele - NT
phone 2-wire
4-wire Subscriber
S-bus Loop

PC with
ISDN
Interface
Card
User/network
Interface
Integrated
Voice/data
Terminal
Up to 8 devices
point to multi-point mode 29
Figure 15-9

Functional Grouping

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 15-10

Reference Points

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

ISDN Protocol Architecture
Application

Presentation End-end
user
Session signalling

Transport
I.451/Q.931 X.25 for further X.25
Network call control packet level study packet level
Frame
Datalink LAPD (Q921)
Relay
LAPB

Physical Physical I.430 basic interface + I.431 primary interface

32
Figure 15-12
ISDN Layers for B and D Channels

WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

ISDN Data Link Layer
 Link Access Protocol for the D channel
(LAPD) defined for ISDN
 Three applications are supported
– Control Signalling
– Packet Switching
– Telemetry

34
B-Channel
 Uses
– Circuit Switching
– Semi-permanent circuits
– Packet switching

35
B-Channel
 Circuit Switching
– Circuit is set up on B-channel on demand
– D-channel call control protocol is used
– Transparent full-duplex digital data path
established between users
– Layers 2 to 7 are not visible to ISDN or
specified

36
B-Channel
 Semipermanent circuit can be set up by prior
agreement between users and network operator
 Can be for indefinite time or at specified
times during day or week
 As with circuit switched connection, full
duplex digital data path is established
 Layers 2 to 7 are not visible to ISDN or
specified

37
D-Channel Packet Switching
 Integrated X.25 service can be accessed by
D-Channel in addition to B-Channel
 ISDN provides a semi-permanent connection
to a packet switching node within ISDN
 The X.25 level 3 protocol is used for the
packet layer
 LAPD is used for the link layer

38