Introduction to Database Management

System

Database System Concepts, 6th Ed.

©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use
 Outline
 Database Introduction
 Level of Abstraction
 Data Models
 Database Languages
 Database Design

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Database Management System (DBMS)
 DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
 Collection of interrelated data
 Set of programs to access the data
 An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
 Database Applications:
 Banking: transactions
 Airlines: reservations, schedules
 Universities: registration, grades
 Sales: customers, products, purchases
 Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
 Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
 Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
 Databases can be very large.
 Databases touch all aspects of our lives

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 View of Data

An architecture for a database system

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Instances and Schemas
 Similar to types and variables in programming languages
 Logical Schema – the overall logical structure of the database
 Example: The database consists of information about a set of
customers and accounts in a bank and the relationship between them
 Analogous to type information of a variable in a program
 Physical schema–
schema the overall physical structure of the database
 Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time
 Analogous to the value of a variable
 Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema
without changing the logical schema
 Applications depend on the logical schema
 In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components
should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously
influence others.

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Data Models
 A collection of tools for describing
 Data
 Data relationships
 Data semantics
 Data constraints

 Relational model
 Entity-Relationship data model (mainly for database design)
 Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-relational)
 Semistructured data model (XML)
 Other older models:
 Network model
 Hierarchical model

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Relational Model
 All the data is stored in various tables.
 Example of tabular data in the relational model
Columns

Rows

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 A Sample Relational Database

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.8 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists of the SQL commands that
can be used to define the database schema. It simply deals with descriptions of
the database schema and is used to create and modify the structure of database
objects in the database.
 Example:create table instructor (
ID char(5),
name varchar(20),
dept_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2))
 Examples of DDL commands:
 CREATE – is used to create the database or its objects (like table, index,
function, views, store procedure and triggers).
 DROP – is used to delete objects from the database.
 ALTER-is used to alter the structure of the database.
 TRUNCATE–is used to remove all records from a table, including all spaces
allocated for the records are removed.
 COMMENT –is used to add comments to the data dictionary.
 RENAME –is used to rename an object existing in the database.

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.9 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 The SQL commands that deals with the manipulation of data
present in the database belong to DML or Data Manipulation
Language and this includes most of the SQL statements.
 Examples of DML:
 INSERT – is used to insert data into a table.
 UPDATE – is used to update existing data within a table.
 DELETE – is used to delete records from a database table.

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.10 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan