Lecture Presentation

Chapter 4

Reactions in
Aqueous Solution

James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, CT

Aqueous
Reactions

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 Solutions
• Solutions are defined as
homogeneous mixtures of
two or more pure
substances.
• The solvent is present in
greatest abundance.
• All other substances are
solutes.
• When water is the solvent,
the solution is called an
aqueous solution.
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 Aqueous Solutions
• Substances can dissolve in water by different ways:
 Ionic Compounds dissolve by dissociation, where
water surrounds the separated ions.
 Molecular compounds interact with water, but most do
NOT dissociate.
 Some molecular substances react with water when
they dissolve.

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 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

• An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates

into ions when dissolved in water.
• A nonelectrolyte may dissolve in water, but it
does not dissociate into ions when it does so.

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 Electrolytes

• A strong electrolyte dissociates completely when

dissolved in water.
• A weak electrolyte only dissociates partially when
dissolved in water.
• A nonelectrolyte does NOT dissociate in water. Aqueous
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 Solubility of Ionic Compounds
• Not all ionic compounds dissolve in water.
• A list of solubility rules is used to decide
what combination of ions will dissolve.

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 Precipitation Reactions
When two solutions containing soluble salts are
mixed, sometimes an insoluble salt is produced. A
salt “falls” out of solution, like snow out of the sky.
This solid is called a precipitate.

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 Metathesis (Exchange) Reactions
• Metathesis comes from a Greek word
that means “to transpose.”
• It appears as though the ions in the
reactant compounds exchange, or
transpose, ions, as seen in the
equation below.
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)  AgCl(s) +
KNO3(aq)

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 Completing and Balancing
Metathesis Equations
• Steps to follow
1) Use the chemical formulas of the reactants
to determine which ions are present.
2) Write formulas for the products: cation from
one reactant, anion from the other. Use
charges to write proper subscripts.
3) Check your solubility rules. If either product
is insoluble, a precipitate forms.
4) Balance the equation.
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 Ways to Write Metathesis Reactions

1) Molecular equation
2) Complete ionic equation
3) Net ionic equation

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 Molecular Equation

The molecular equation lists the

reactants and products without
indicating the ionic nature of the
compounds.
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)  AgCl(s) +
KNO3(aq)

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 Complete Ionic Equation
• In the complete ionic equation all strong
electrolytes (strong acids, strong bases, and
soluble ionic salts) are dissociated into their
ions.
• This more accurately reflects the species that
are
Ag+found
(aq) + in
NOthe− reaction+ mixture. −
3 (aq) + K (aq) + Cl (aq) 

AgCl(s) + K+(aq) + NO3−(aq)

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 Net Ionic Equation
• To form the net ionic equation, cross out
anything that does not change from the left
side of the equation to the right.
• The ions crossed out are called spectator
ions,
• K+ and NO3−, in this example.
• The remaining ions are the reactants that form
the
Ag+product—an insoluble
(aq) + NO3−(aq) salt
+ K+(aq) in −a(aq) 
+ Cl
precipitation reaction, as in this− example.
AgCl(s) + K (aq) + NO3 (aq)
+
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 Writing Net Ionic Equations
1. Write a balanced molecular equation.
2. Dissociate all strong electrolytes.
3. Cross out anything that remains
unchanged from the left side to the
right side of the equation.
4. Write the net ionic equation with the
species that remain.

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 EXERCISE
Pr. Ex. 4.4/1) Write the net ionic equation when you mix an
aqueous solution of sodium nitrate with an aqueous
solution of barium chloride.

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 Pr. Ex 4.4/2) Write the net ionic equation when aqueous
solutions of silver (I) nitrate and potassium phosphate
are mixed? (Silver (I) phosphate is insoluble in water)

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 Acids
• The Swedish physicist
and chemist S. A.
Arrhenius defined acids
as substances that
increase the
concentration of H+
when dissolved in water.
• Both the Danish chemist
J. N. Brønsted and the
British chemist T. M.
Lowry defined them as
proton donors. Aqueous
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 Bases
• Arrhenius defined bases
as substances that
increase the
concentration of OH−
when dissolved in water.
• Brønsted and Lowry
defined them as proton
acceptors.

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 Strong or Weak?
• Strong acids completely dissociate in water;
weak acids only partially dissociate.
• Strong bases dissociate to metal cations and
hydroxide anions in water; weak bases only
partially react to produce hydroxide anions.

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 Acid-Base Reactions

 In an acid–base reaction, the acid (H 2O above)

donates a proton (H+) to the base (NH3 above).
 Reactions between an acid and a base are called
neutralization reactions.
 When the base is a metal hydroxide, water and a
salt (an ionic compound) are produced.
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 Neutralization Reactions
When a strong acid (like HCl) reacts with a
strong base (like NaOH), the net ionic equation
is circled below:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH−(aq) 

Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + H2O(l)

H+(aq) + OH−(aq)  H2O(l) Aqueous

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 EXERCISE

Ex: Write the net ionic equation between hydrochloric acid

and water-insoluble Mg(OH)2.

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• Sample Ex. 4.7) Write the net ionic equation for the
reaction between aqueous solutions of acetic acid
(CH3COOH) and barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2).

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 Gas-Forming Reactions

 Some metathesis reactions do not give

the product expected.
 When a carbonate or bicarbonate
reacts with an acid, the products are a
salt, carbon dioxide, and water.
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) +
H2O(l)
NaHCO3(aq) + HBr(aq) NaBr(aq) + CO2(g) +
Aqueous
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 Gas-Forming Reactions

This reaction gives the predicted product,

but you had better carry it out in the hood
—the gas produced has a foul odor!
Na2S(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) +
H2S(g)

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 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

• Loss of electrons is oxidation.

• Gain of electrons is reduction.
• One cannot occur without the other.
• The reactions are often called redox reactions.
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 Oxidation Numbers

To determine if an oxidation–reduction
reaction has occurred, we assign an
oxidation number to each element in a
neutral compound or charged entity.

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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

• Elements in their elemental form have

an oxidation number of zero.
• The oxidation number of a monatomic
ion is the same as its charge.

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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

• Nonmetals tend to have negative

oxidation numbers, although some are
positive in certain compounds or ions.
– Oxygen has an oxidation number of −2,
except in the peroxide ion, in which it has
an oxidation number of −1.
– Hydrogen is −1 when bonded to a metal,
+1 when bonded to a nonmetal.

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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

• Nonmetals tend to have negative

oxidation numbers, although some are
positive in certain compounds or ions.
– Fluorine always has an oxidation number
of −1.
– The other halogens have an oxidation
number of −1 when they are negative; they
can have positive oxidation numbers, most
notably in oxyanions.
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 Rules to Assign Oxidation Numbers

• The sum of the oxidation numbers in a

neutral compound is zero.
• The sum of the oxidation numbers in a
polyatomic ion is the charge on the ion.

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 Displacement Reactions
In displacement
reactions, ions
oxidize an
element.
In this reaction,
silver ions oxidize
copper metal:

Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

The reverse reaction does NOT occur. Why not? Aqueous

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 Activity Series
• Elements
higher on the
activity series
are more
reactive.
• They are
more likely to
exist as ions.

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 Metal/Acid Displacement Reactions

• The elements above hydrogen will react

with acids to produce hydrogen gas.
• The metal is oxidized to a cation.

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 EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 4.9/2) Write the balanced molecular and net ionic
equations for the reaction between magnesium and
cobalt(II) sulfate. What is oxidized and what is reduced in
the reaction?

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 Molarity
• The quantity of solute in a certain amount
of solution (concentration) can matter to a
chemist.
• Molarity is one way to measure the
concentration of a solution:

moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters

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 Mixing a Solution
• To create a solution of a known molarity, weigh out
a known mass (and, therefore, number of moles) of
the solute.
• Then add solute to a volumetric flask, and add
solvent to the line on the neck of the flask.

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 EXERCISE
Pr. Ex. 4.11/2) Calculate the molarity of a solution made
by dissolving 5.00 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in sufficient
water to form exactly 100.0 mL of solution.

Pr. Ex. 4.12/2) What is the molar concentration of K+ ions

in a 0.0150 M solution of potassium carbonate?

Pr. Ex. 4.13/2) (a) How many grams of Na2SO4 are there
in 15.00 mL of 0.500 M Na2SO4?
(b) How many milliliters of 0.500 M Na2SO4 solution are
needed to provide 0.0380mol of this salt?
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 Dilution
• One can also dilute a more concentrated
solution by
– using a pipet to deliver a volume of the solution to a
new volumetric flask, and
– adding solvent to the line on the neck of the new flask.

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 Dilution
The molarity of the new solution can be
determined from the equation
Mc  Vc = Md  Vd,
where Mc and Md are the molarity of the
concentrated and dilute solutions,
respectively, and Vc and Vd are the
volumes of the two solutions.

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 EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 4.14/2) b) How many milliliters of 5.0 M K2Cr2O7

solution must be diluted to prepare 250.0 mL 0.10 M
solution?

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 Using Molarities in
Stoichiometric Calculations

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 EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 4.15/2) How many grams of NaOH are needed to

neutralize 20.0 mL of 0.150 M H2SO4 solution?

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 Titration
A titration is an analytical technique in which one
can calculate the concentration of a solute in a
solution.

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 Titration

• A solution of known concentration, called a

standard solution, is used to determine the
unknown concentration of another solution.
• The reaction is complete at the equivalence
point. Aqueous
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 EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 4.17/2) A sample of an iron ore is dissolved in acid, and the
iron is converted to Fe2+. The sample is then titrated with 47.20 mL
of 0.02240 M MnO4- solution. The oxidation-reduction reaction
reaction that occurs during titration is

MnO4-(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) + 8H+(aq)  Mn2+(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

a) How many moles of MnO4- were added to the solution?

b) How many moles of Fe2+ were in the sample?
c) How many grams of iron were in the sample?
d) If the sample has a mass of 0.8890 g, what is the percentage of
iron in the sample?

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 EXERCISE

Ex: 136 mL 6,00 M HNO3 solution is added to 44.23 g Cu

sample according to the following reaction:

3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq)  3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2NO(g)

a) How many moles of NO(g) is produced?

b) If the actual yield of NO(g) is 5.40 g, what is the percent
yield?

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 END OF THE CHAPTER EXERCISES:

Chapter4: 17, 18, 26, 37, 39, 40, 41, 49, 51, 53, 61, 62,
63, 69, 71, 81, 83, 87, 88, 104, 106, 109

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