Physics Project Report

on .
TRANSFORMERS .

PROJECT PREPARED
BY: MD SAHIR ASLAM ANSARI
Class: XII
Session: 2024-25
Board's Roll Number:
School name:
PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya
Barrackpore (Army)
 CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that the original
and genuine project work has been
carried out to investigate about the
subject matter and the recreated data
collection and investigation has been
completed solely, sincerely and
satisfactorily by Md Sahir Aslam Ansari ,
studying in class XII-B of PM SHRI
Kendriya Vidyalaya Barrackpore Army,
regarding his project on Transformer

• Signature of Teacher
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
On completion of my project I feel
extremely delighted but it wasn't a
single effort. First of all I would like to
thank my parents for helping me and
encouraging me to continue this project
and helping me financially as well. Then I
would like to thank my mentor and
teacher Niharendu Sen teaching me the
basics of this project. I would also like to
thank my class teacher A.M. Sikdar for
supporting me and giving me this
opportunity to make this project.

• Signature of Student
 INDEX

• 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• 2. CERTIFICATE
• 3. PRINCIPLE
• 4. INTRODUCTION
• 5. CONSTRUCTION
• 6. INTRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
• 7. THEORY AND WORKING OF
TRANSFORMER
• 8. EFFICIENCY
• 9. ENERGY LOSSES
• 10. USES OF TRANSFORMER
• 11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 PRINCIPLE
A Transformer based on the Principle of
mutual induction. according to this principle,
the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced neighbouring
coil.

.
INTRODUCTION
• The transformer is a device used for
converting a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or a high alternating
voltage into a low altenating voltage.
 CONSTRUCTION
• A Transformer consists of a rectangular shaft
iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils P1 & P2
and S1 & S2 are wounded on the same core,
but are wll insulated with each other. Note
that both of the coils are insulated from the
core, the primary coil and a load resistance R
is connected to S1 & S2 the secondary coil
through an open switch S, thus there can be
no current through the secondary coil so long
as the switch is open.
• For an ideal transformer, we assume that
resistance of this primary & secondary
winding is negligible. Further, the energy
loses due to the magnetic iron core is also
negligible.
INTRODUCTION OF
TRANSFORMER
• A transformer is an electrical device which is
used for Changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength
of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so
small that it weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundred of tones.
• In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.
• A transformer which increases the voltages
called a step-up transformer. A transformer
which decrease A.C voltages is called a step-
down transformer.
• Transformers, therefore an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current
circuits
 THEORY AND
WORKING OF .
TRANSFORMER
• When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary
coil p1 & p2 an alternating current starts falling in it.
The alternating current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces alternating
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary.

In a good-transformer, whole of
the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, then the induced em.f
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to
that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep & Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f's
induced in the primary and the secondary and Ns
& Np, are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and rate of
change of flux in each tum off the coil at this
instant, we have
• Ep = -Np dø/dt ----------(1)
• Es = -Ns dø/dt ------------(2)
• Since the above relations are true at every
instant ,so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es/Ep = -Ns/Np ------------- (3)
As Ep, is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E - Ep) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and check e.m.f. further if Rp the
resistance o, P1, P2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E - Ep/Rp
E - Ep = Ip. Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp. Ip
can be neglected so therefore
E - Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = output e.m.f/ input e.m.f = Np/Ns = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation
ratio
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K>1 , hence Ns > NP
In a step down transformer
Es < E so K<1 , hence Ns<Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the
same instant t
And Is = value of sec. current at this
instant, then
Input power at the instant t = EpIp
and Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, then Input power =output power
.

Or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or
Es/ Ep = Ip/ ls = K
In a step up transformer
As k > 1 ,so lp > Is or Is < Ip
ie, current in sec. is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in

current in the same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down

transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down
the current & a step down transformer steps up
the current.
Efficiency:
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power. i.e.
η = output power/input power = Esls/Eplp
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power
losses, therefore the efficency of transformer is less than
one.

ENERGY LOSSES:-
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1.Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating
of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S S is less than the rate of change
of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1,P2
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it
 OBSERVATIONS &
CALCULATIONS

S NO.
NUMBER OF NUMBER NS
_ VOLTAG VOLTAG V CURREN CURREN Is
TURNS OF OF TURNS Np
E INPUT E s T IN T IN _
PRIMARY OF OUTPU _V PRIMAR
Y COIL
SRECON Ip
DAY COIL
COILS SECONDAR T p
Y COIL
1. 2000

2. 2000

3. 2000
•5 . Magneto striation I.e. humming noise of a
transformer

USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all A.C operations ·
1. In voltage regulator for TV refperator, fomputer a
conditioner etc.· In the induction furnace ·
2. A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.·
3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.·
4. A step up transformer is used for the production of
X rays and NEON advertisement.·
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.·
6. Transformers are used in the radio transmission of
A.C. over long- distances.
7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• 1 . PHYSICS OF CLASS 12TH

• 2 . MODERNS’S ABC PHYSICS CLASS 12TH
• 3 . WWW.CHATGPT.COM