Lecture 12 (Morley Ch 10)

CSC 101 – Introduction

 Information
Systems & System
Development:
 Need for System Development Enterprise
Architecture
 Business Intelligence (BI)
 Users of Information Systems
 Types of Information Systems
 Responsibility for System Development
 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
 Approaches to System Development

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 What Is an Information
System?
• System
– Collection of elements and procedures that interact to
accomplish a goal
• Football game, transit systems, etc.
• Information System
– A system used to generate the information needed to
support the users in an organization
• Digital Ecosystem
– The collection of people, products, services, and business
processes related to a digital element
• Apple digital ecosystem = Apple hardware, software,
and online services

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What Is an Information
System?

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 What Is an Information
System?
• The Need for System Development
– Systems development
• Process of designing and implementing a new or
modified system
– System development may be required because of:
• New laws (Sarbanes-Oxley Act, HIPAA etc.)
• Changes to the legal requirements for retaining
business data (e-disclosure, etc.)
• Introduction of new technology

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 What Is an Information
System?
• Enterprise Architecture
– Provides a detailed picture of an organization, its function,
its systems, and the relationship among them
– Allows managers to organize and maximize the use of IT
resources and make better decisions
– Not easy to develop and requires time and effort, but
once in place, it is an invaluable decision support tool

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 What Is an Information
System?
• Business Intelligence (BI)
– The process of gathering, storing, accessing, and analyzing
data in order to make better business decisions
– Business analytics (BA)
• The process of analyzing data to evaluate a
company’s operations
– Data Warehouse
• Comprehensive collection of data about a company and
its customers
• Data mart is smaller and typically stores data related to
a particular subject or department

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 What Is an Information
System?
– Data Mining
• The use of intelligent software to find subtle patterns
that may not be otherwise evident
• Can identify processes that need improvement
• Can be used for customer profiling
• Web Mining
– Data mining used in conjunction with Web data
• Text Mining
– Analysis of text-based data (online forms, emails,
call-center notes)

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 What Is an Information
System?
• Social media analytics – mining and analyzing data from
blogs and social media sites
• Often used with the massive amounts of data
generated today – called Big Data

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 How It Works
Box
Big Data … For Everything
– Sports teams, casinos, airlines, museums, and more are
gathering and analyzing big data
– Point Defiance Zoo &
Aquarium uses big data
analytics to uncover
patterns and trends to help
drive ticket sales, enhance
visitor experiences, and
raising awareness of
wildlife conservation

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 Users of Information
Systems
• Users of Information Systems
– Used by one person or all employees
– Enterprise Systems
• A system that is used throughout an entire enterprise
– Inter-enterprise Systems
• Used by a business and its suppliers and other business
partners
– Some information systems are designed for management
decision making

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 Users of Information
Systems
– User Groups
• Executive managers
• Middle managers
• Operational managers
• Nonmanagement workers
• External users

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Types of Information
Systems

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 Types of Information
Systems
• Office and User Productivity Support Systems
– Office System
– Document Processing Systems
– Document Management Systems (DMSs)
– Content Management Systems (CMSs)
– Communication Systems

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 Types of Information
Systems
• Transaction Processing Systems (TPSs)
– Processes and records data created by an
organization’s business transactions
– Usually processed in real time
– Order Entry Systems
– Payroll Systems
– Accounting Systems

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 Types of Information
Systems
• Decision Making Support Systems
– Help individuals make decisions
– Management Information Systems (MISs)
• Provides decision makers with regular, routine, and timely
information that is used to make decisions
• Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
– Provides people with the tools and capabilities to organize and
analyze their decision making information
– Typically are interactive and provide information on demand
• Geographic Information Systems (GISs)
– Combines geographical information with other types of data to
provide a better understanding of relationships among the data

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 Types of Information
Systems
• Integrated Enterprise System
– Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
• Transfers data between different companies using the Internet or
another network
– Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
• Large integrated system that ties together all of a
business’s activities
• Inventory and Product Management Systems
• Tracks and manages inventory
• Supply Chain Management (SCM)
• Just-in-time (JIT)
– Resources are limited to the right amount at the right time to fill
orders
– Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) 17
 Types of Information
Systems
• Design and Manufacturing Systems
– Used to improve productivity at the product design stage
and manufacturing stage
– Computer-aided design (CAD)
• Use of computer technology to automate design
functions
– Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
• Use of computer technology to automate
manufacturing functions

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 Types of Information
Systems
• Artificial Intelligence Systems
– A system in which a computer performs actions that are
characteristic of human intelligence
• Initial advances in AI made through chess-playing
programs
• Watson supports human interactions

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 Types of Information
Systems
– Intelligent Agents
• Programs that perform specific tasks to help make a
user’s work environment more efficient or
entertaining and that typically modifies its behavior
based on the user’s actions
• Application assistants
• Personal assistants (Google Now, Siri)
• Shopping bots
• Entertainment bots
• Chatterbots
• May be part of Semantic Web

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 Types of Information
Systems
– Expert Systems
• Provides the type of advice that would be expected
from a human expert and has two main components
• Knowledge Base
– Database containing facts provided by human
experts and rules the system should use to make
decisions based on those facts
• Inference Engine
– Program that applies the rules to the data stored in
the knowledge base, in order to reach decisions

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Types of Information
Systems

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 Types of Information
Systems
– Neural Networks
• A system in which the
human brain’s pattern-recognition process
is emulated by the computer
• Used in:
– Handwriting, speech,
and image recognition
– Medical imaging
– Crime analysis
– Biometric
identification
– Vision systems

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 Types of Information
Systems
– Robotics
• The study of robot technology
• Robot
– A device, controlled by a human operator or a
computer, that can move and react to sensory input
• Military Robots
• Business and Industrial Robots
• Personal Robots (Service Robots)

Self-Driving Cars

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Types of Information
Systems

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 Responsibility for
System Development
• The Information Systems (IS) Department
– Responsible for an organization’s computers, systems,
and other technology
– Also called the Information Technology (IT) department
– Systems Analyst
• Studies systems in order to determine what work
needs
to be done, and how this work may best be achieved
– Other IT personnel include:
– Business analysts, application programmers, operations
personnel, and security specialists

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Responsibility for
System Development

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Responsibility for
System Development

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 Responsibility for
System Development
• Outsourcing
– Hiring outside vendors to perform specific business tasks
– Offshore
• Outsourced to another country
– Nearshoring
• Outsourcing to nearby countries
– Homesourcing (homeshoring)
• Outsourcing to home-based workers

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 Responsibility for
System Development
– Crowdsourcing
• Taking job traditionally performed by an employee and
outsourcing it to a large, undefined group of people
• Often performed via the Web
– Advantages
• Lower costs
• Flexible staffing
– Global sourcing
– Strategic sourcing
– Socially responsible outsourcing

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 Responsibility for
System Development
– Disadvantages
• Personnel changes at the outsourcing company
• Conflicts between in-house and outsourcing personnel
• Communication problems
• Cultural differences
• Quality control and security
– Captive offshoring
• U.S. companies own facilities in other countries and
hire employees in that country
• Gives company more control over employees and
procedures than with conventional outsourcing

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 Trend
Box
Digital Badges
– Consist of icons that represent academic achievements or
acquired skills
– Offered by educational institutions, Web sites, companies,
etc.
– Can be standard or
customized
– Displayed via a digital badge
system

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 The System
Development Life
• Cycle
SDLC (SDLC)
: The development of a system from the time it is first
studied until the time it is updated or replaced

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 The System
Development Life
• Cycle
Preliminary (SDLC)
Investigation
– A feasibility study is performed to assess whether or not a
full-scale project should be undertaken
– Documentation: Feasibility Report
• Contains findings on status of existing system and
benefits/feasibility of changing to a new system
• Includes system analysts’ recommendations regarding
whether or not the project should move on to the next
stage in the SDLC

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 The System
Development Life
• Cycle
System Analysis (SDLC)
– Examines the problem area to determine what should be
done
– Data Collection
• Gathering information about the system (organizational
chart, observation, interviewing users, etc.)
– Data Analysis
• Analyzing information to determine the effectiveness
and efficiency of current system and/or requirements
for new or modified systems

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The System
Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)
• Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) and Data Flow
Diagrams (DFDs)
– Used to model the entities in a system and the
flow of data within the system
• Decision Tables and Decision Trees
– Useful for identifying procedures and summarizing
the decision making process of one step of a system

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The System
Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)

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The System
Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)
– Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN)
– A graphical, standardized notation used to model
the business processes used within systems
– Designed to be understood by all individuals
involved in the system
– Expresses processes graphically using
diagrams similar to flowcharts

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The System
Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)
• Class Diagrams and Use Case
Diagrams
– Used to
illustrate
systems that
are based on
the concept of
objects

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 The System
Development Life
Cycle Diagrams,
– Documentation: (SDLC)
Tables, Trees, and Models
• Consists of any instruments used for data gathering and
the resulting diagrams, trees, models, and other tools
used to summarize and analyze the data
– Questionnaires
– Interview questions
– Diagrams, models, etc.

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 The System
Development Life
• Cycle
System Design (SDLC)
– Specifies what the new system will look like and how it will
work
– Developing the Design and Specifications for the New
System
• Model of new system is developed
• Diagrams can include:
– Data dictionary: describes all data in a system
– Data flow and/or class diagrams of the new
system
– User interface (UI) designs

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The System
Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)

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 The System
Development Life
Cycle
– Cost-Benefit Analysis(SDLC)
• Considers both tangible and intangible benefits to
determine if the benefits of the new system outweigh the
cost
– Documentation: System Design/Specifications
• Developed during the system design phase
• Consists of all documentation necessary to
illustrate the new system

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 The System
Development Life
• Cycle
System Acquisition (SDLC)
– System analysts determines where to obtain the necessary
hardware, software, and other system components
– The Make-or-Buy Decision
• Determining if the software needed will be purchased
from a vendor or developed in-house
– If developed in-house, software to be developed
moves into the program development process

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 The System
Development Life
• Cycle
System (SDLC)
Implementation
– The new system is installed, tested, and made operational
• Data migration
– System must be thoroughly tested
• Test data should be realistic and include incorrect data

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 The System
Development Life
Cycle
– System (SDLC)
Conversion
• Once testing phase is completed, system is installed
– Direct conversion
» Old system deactivated and new system is
immediately implemented
– Parallel conversion
» Both systems are operated simultaneously until
it is determined that the new system works
properly
– Phased conversion
» System is implemented by module

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 The System
Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)
– Pilot conversion
Newsystem used at just one location
within the organization
• User Training
– All training manuals should be developed and given to users
– Training takes place on the actual system
– Can occur one-on-one or in groups
– Documentation: Implementation Schedule,
Test Data and Results, and Training Materials
• Implementation schedule, test data, test results, training materials should be
saved for future reference

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The System
Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)

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The System
Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)

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 The System
Development Life
• Cycle
System Maintenance(SDLC)
– Maintenance is an ongoing process
– Minor adjustments are made to the finished system to
keep it operational until the end of the system’s life or
until the time that the system needs to be redesigned
– Post-Implementation Review
• Identifies any glitches in the new system that need to
be fixed
– When a major change is needed, the project goes
through the SDLC again

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 The System
Development Life
• CycleCompleted
Documentation: (SDLC)
Project Folder
– Results of the post-implementation review are added to
the accumulated documentation
– Information can be useful to auditors who may check to
see that proper procedures were followed

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 Approaches to
System
•
Development
The Traditional Approach
– SDLC phases are carried out in a preset order
• Preliminary investigation
• System analysis
• System design
• System acquisition
• System implementation
• System maintenance

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 The System
Development Life
Cycle
– Referred to as the(SDLC)
waterfall model
• Each phase begins only when previous one is
completed
– Time-consuming
• The Iterative Approach
– System is developed incrementally
• Steps are repeated until the system is
finalized
– Prototyping
• Small model, or prototype, of the system is
built before the full-scale development effort
is undertaken
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Approaches to System
Development

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 Approaches to System
Development
• The End-User Development Approach
– User is primarily responsible for the development of the
system
– Most feasible when system being developed is small and
inexpensive
– Measures must be taken to ensure that the system is
compatible with existing systems and no new problems are
introduced

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Summary

 Information
Systems & System
Development:
 Need for System Development Enterprise
Architecture
 Business Intelligence (BI)
 Users of Information Systems
 Types of Information Systems
 Responsibility for System Development
 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
 Approaches to System Development.

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