Lecture 09 (Morley Ch7)

CSC 101 – Introduction

to Computing
Outline

 Data Transmission Characteristics

 Bandwidth
 Analog vs. Digital Signals
 Transmission Type & Timing
 Delivery Method
 Networking Media:
 Communication Protocols
 Networking Standards
 Networking Hardware
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 Data Transmission
Characteristics
• Bandwidth
– The amount of data that can be
transferred in a given period of time
– Measured in bits per second (bps),
Kbps (thousands), Mbps (millions ), or
Gbps (billions)
• Analog vs. Digital Signals
– Data represented by two discrete
states: 0s and 1s
– Conventional telephone systems
use analog signals
• Represent data with continuous
waves
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 Data Transmission
Characteristics
• Transmission Type and Timing
– Serial
• Data sent one bit at a time,
one after another, along a
single path
– Parallel
• Data sent at least one byte at
time with each bit in the
byte taking a different path

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 Data Transmission
Characteristics
• Synchronous Transmission
– Blocks of data are transferred at regular, specified intervals
– Most data transmissions within a computer and over a
network are synchronous
• Asynchronous Transmission
– Data is sent when ready without being synchronized
– Start bits and stop bits used to identify the bits that belong
in each byte
• Isochronous Transmission
– Data sent at the same time as other, related, data

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 Data Transmission
Characteristics

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 6

 Data Transmission
Characteristics
• Simplex Transmission
– Data travels in a single direction only
• Half-Duplex Transmission
– Data travels in either direction but only one way at a time
• Full-Duplex Transmission
– Data travels in both directions at the same time

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 Data Transmission
Characteristics
• Delivery Method
– Circuit-Switching
• Dedicated path over a network is established between
sender and receiver; all data follows that path
– Packet-Switching
• Messages are separated into small units called packets
and travel along the network separately; packets are
reassembled once destination is reached
– Broadcasting
• Data is sent out to all other nodes on the network and
retrieved only by the intended recipient; primarily used
with LANs
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 Data Transmission
Characteristics

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 9

 Networking
Media
• Wired Networking Media
– Twisted-Pair Cable
• Pairs of insulated wires twisted together
• Used for telephone and network connections (LANs)
– Coaxial Cable
• Thick center wire surrounded by insulation
• Used for computer networks and cable television
delivery
– Fiber-Optic Cable
• Utilizes hundreds of thin transparent clear glass or
plastic fibers over which lasers transmit data as light
• Used for high-speed communications
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 Networking
Media

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 11

 Networking
Media
• Wireless Networking Media
– Data is sent through the airwaves using radio signals
– The Electromagnetic and Wireless Spectrum
• Radio frequencies are measured in hertz (Hz)
• The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of
common electromagnetic radiation (energy)
• Different parts of the spectrum have different
properties, which make certain frequencies more
appropriate for certain applications

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 Networking
Media

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 13

 Networking
Media
• Frequencies assigned to an application usually consist of a
range of frequencies to be used as needed
• Most wireless networking applications use frequencies in the
RF band at the low end of the spectrum—up to 300 GHz
– Often called the wireless spectrum
• The 900 MHz, 2.4GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz frequencies are within
an unlicensed part of the spectrum and can be used by any
product or individual
– Cordless landline phones, garage door openers,
Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and Bluetooth

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 Networking
Media
• Cellular Radio Transmissions
– Use cellular towers within honeycomb-shaped zones called
cells
– Calls are transferred from cell tower to cell tower as the
individual moves
– Cell tower forwards call to the MTSO
– MTSO routes call to the recipient’s phone
– Data sent via cell phones works in similar manner
– The speed of cellular radio transmissions depends on
the type of cellular standard being used

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Networking
Media

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 Networking
Media
• Microwave and Satellite Transmissions
– Microwaves
• High-frequency radio signals that are sent and received
using microwave stations or satellites
• Signals are line of sight, so microwave stations are
usually built on tall buildings, towers, mountaintops
– Microwave stations
• Earth-based stations that transmit signals directly to
each other within a range of 30 miles
• Stations designed to communicate with satellites
(television and internet services) are called satellite
dishes

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 Networking
Media
– Communication satellites are launched into orbit to send
and receive microwave signals from earth
• Traditional satellites use geosynchronous orbit 22,300
miles above the earth
• A delay of less than one half-second is common when
signals travel from earth to satellite and back
• Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites were developed to
combat delay
• Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites are most
often used for GPS systems

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Networking
Media

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 Networking
Media
• Infrared (IR) Transmissions
– Sends data as infrared light rays
– Like an infrared television remote, IR requires line of sight
– Because of this limitation, many formerly IR devices
(wireless mice, keyboards) now use RF technology
– IR is sometimes used to beam data between some
mobile devices, game consoles, and handheld
gaming devices

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 Communications Protocols
and Networking Standards
• Protocol
– A set of rules for a particular situation
– Communications Protocol
• A set of rules that determine how devices on a network
communicate
• Standard
– A set of criteria or requirements approved by a recognized
standards organization
– Address how networked computers connect/communicate
– Needed to ensure products can work with other products

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 TCP/IP and Other
Communications Protocols
• TCP/IP
– Most widely used communications protocol
– Consists of two protocols
• Transmission Control Protocols (TCP)
– Responsible for delivery of data
• Internet Protocols (IP)
– Provides addresses and routing information
– Uses packet switching to transmit data
– TCP/IP support is built into almost all operating systems
and IP addresses are used to identify computers and
devices on networks
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TCP/IP and Other
Communications Protocols

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 TCP/IP and Other
Communications Protocols
• Other Protocols
– HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (Secure
Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• Used to display Web pages
– FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• Used to transfer files over the Internet
– SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and POP3 (Post Office
Protocol)
• Used to deliver e-mail over the Internet

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 Ethernet
(802.3)
• Ethernet (802.3)
– Most widely used standard for wired networks
– Typically used with LANs that have a star topology
– Works with twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cabling
– Most common today are Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet,
and 10 Gigabit Ethernet
– Power over Ethernet (PoE)
• G.hn
– existing home wiring—phone lines, power lines, and
coaxial cable
• Broadband over Powerline (BPL)
• Designed to deliver broadband Internet to homes via the 25
Ethernet
(802.3)

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Ethernet (802.3)
PoE

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 Wi-Fi
(802.11)
• Wi-Fi (802.11)
– A family of wireless networking standards
using IEEE standard 802.11
– Current standard for wireless
networks in homes and offices
(wireless Ethernet)
– Built into many everyday objects
today
– Designed for medium-range
transmission; speed and distance
depends on Wi-Fi standard being used,
solid objects in the way, interference,
etc.
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 Technology and
You Box
Wi-Fi SD Cards
– Upload photos wirelessly and automatically
from camera to computer, mobile device, or
cloud photo service
– Some include location information
– Some sync photos and videos to cloud
account
– Can share photos quickly with others as well
as have backups 29
Wi-Fi
(802.11)

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WiMAX (802.16)
• WiMAX (802.16)
– Standards for longer range wireless networking
connections, typically MANs
– Fixed WiMAX
• Designed to provide Internet access fixed locations
(hotzones)
• Typical hotzone radius is between 2 and 6 miles
• Possible to provide coverage to an entire city by using
multiple WiMAX towers
– Mobile WiMAX
• Mobile version of the standard

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WiMAX
(802.16)

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 Cellular
Standards
• Cellular Standards
– First Generation
• Analog and voice only
– 2G (Second Generation)
• Digital, both voice and data, faster
– 3G and 4G networks
• Current standards
• Use packet
switching
• 3G speeds are
between 1 and 4
Mbps
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Bluetooth, Ultra Wideband (UWB),
and Other Short-Range Wireless
Standards
• Bluetooth
– Networking standard for very short-range wireless
connections
– Bluetooth 4.0 (Bluetooth Smart) is low energy so can run
for years on small battery
• Wireless USB
– Wireless version of USB designed to connect peripheral
devices
• Wi-Fi Direct
– Standard for connecting Wi-Fi devices directly, without
using a router or an access point

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Bluetooth, Ultra Wideband
(UWB), and Other Short-Range
Wireless Standards

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 How It
Works Box
Smart Homes
– Home automation
• Use Z-Wave, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or other wireless
standards to control lights, door locks, thermostats, etc.
– Smart door locks can be unlocked via proximity sensors
and Bluetooth 4.0
• Can send temporary keys
to others
• Can check on status of
locks and keys online

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 Networking
Hardware
• Network Adapter
– Used to connect a computer to a network
– Also called network interface card (NIC) when in the form
of an expansion card
• Modem
– Device that enables a computer to communicate
overanalog networking media
– Term is often used interchangeably with network adapter
– Most computers and mobile devices today come with a
built-in network adapter and/or modem

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Networking
Hardware

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 Networking
Hardware
• Switch
– Central device that connects devices in a wired network but only
sends data to the intended recipient
– Hub – similar but sends data to all recipients
• Router
– Connects multiple networks: two LANs, two WANS, LAN and
the Internet
– Passes data to intended recipient only
– Routes traffic over the Internet
• Wireless Access Point
– Device used to grant network access to wireless client
devices

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 Networking
Hardware
• Wireless Router
– Typically connects both wired and wireless devices to a
network and to connect the network to the Internet
– Often integrates a switch, router, and wireless access
point
• Bridge
– Used to connect two LANs together
– In a home network, wirelessly connects a wired device to
the network

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Networking
Hardware

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 Networking
Hardware
• Repeaters
• Amplify signals along a network
• Range Extenders
– Repeaters for a wireless network
• Antennas
– Devices used for receiving or sending radio signals
– Some network adapters can use an external antenna
– Can be directional or omnidirectional
– Strength measured in decibels (dB)

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 Networking
Hardware
• Multiplexer
– Combines transmissions from several different devices to
send them as one message
• Concentrator
– Combines messages and sends them via a single
transmission medium in such a way that all of the
messages are simultaneously active

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Networking
Hardware

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Summary

 Data Transmission Characteristics

 Bandwidth
 Analog vs. Digital Signals
 Transmission Type & Timing
 Delivery Method
 Networking Media
 Communication Protocols
 Networking Standards
 Networking Hardware
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