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Chapter 4 - Organisation of Data

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13 views42 pages

Chapter 4 - Organisation of Data

Uploaded by

Preeti Sinha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Organisation of data

Sales raw data


Enquiry questions:
1. Is there a better way of
arranging this data?
2. What aspects will you keep in
mind while arranging this data
to make it more meaningful
Organization of data refers to the systematic arrangement of collected
figures (raw data), so that the data becomes easy to understand and
more convenient for further statistical treatment .
The data collected by primary or secondary methods are always in an
unorganised form. This unorganised data is known as raw data.
To be able to make the data available for comparison and analysis, it
needs to be arranged.
Classification
The process of grouping data into different classes or sub-classes
according to its characteristics is called classification.
Objectives of classification
1. To present the facts in a simple form
2. Utility - it brings out the similarity and dissimilarity so that data can be
easily grasped. Facts having similar characterstics are placed together.
3. To facilitate comparison: classification of data enables it to be compared,
draw inferences and locate facts.
4. To bring out relationship: classification helps in bringing out cause and
effect relationship.
5. To present a mental picture: summarized data helps us form a
perception of concepts
6. To prepare the basis for tabulation
Characteristics of classification
1. Comprehensiveness – each and every item should get into some
group
2. Clarity – the classes should not overlap
3. Homogeneity – all items must be similar to one another
4. Suitability – composition of classes should suit the inquiry objective
5. Stability – the classification should be stable and should not change
for each inquiry
6. Elastic – can be modified to make suitable for a study
Methods of classification
Raw data can be grouped on the following basis:
• According to time (chronological classification)
• According to area (geographical classification)
• According to attributes (qualitative classification)
• According to magnitudes or variables (quantitative classification)
Chronological Classification
In such a classification data are classified either in ascending or in
descending order with reference to time such as years, quarters,
months weeks etc.
Geographical Classification/Spatial
classification
The data are classified with reference to geographical location/place
such as countries, states , cities, districts, block etc.
Qualitative Classification
Data is classified with reference to descriptive characteristics like
gender, caste, religion literacy etc.
Quantitative Classification
Data are classified on the basis of some measurable characteristics such
as height, age, weight, income, marks of students.
Important terms
Conversion of raw data into
statistical series
Individual series
Individual series are those series in which items are listed singly. Mass
data in its original form is called raw data or unorganized data which
can be arranged in any of the following ways:
(i) Serial order or alphabetical order
(ii) Ascending order
(iii) Descending order

The mass data when arranged in ascending or descending order of


magnitude is called an array.
Example of
Individual series
Frequency series - terminology

• Series – systematic arrangement of items into a particular order or sequence


• Frequency – the number of times given value in an observation appears
• Class frequency – the number of values in each of the quantitative classes
• Total frequency – the sum of the frequencies
• Frequency distribution – the distribution of observation over several
values
• Class – a decided group of magnitudes
• Upper and lower limits of the classes – the lowest and highest
magnitude that forms the boundary of a class
• Class interval – span or width of a class which can be obtained by
finding the difference between upper and lower limit of the class
• Mid-point – the mid value which lies halfway between the lower and
upper class limits
Example 1
Prepare frequency table of ages of 25 students of class XI in your school
15, 16, 16, 17, 18, 18, 17, 15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 15, 16, 16, 15, 16, 16, 15,
17, 17, 18, 19, 16, 15
Solve in your notebook
In a city 45 families were surveyed for the number of domestic appliances they
used. Prepare a frequency array based on their replies recorded below.

1 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 3
3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 6 1 6 2 1
5 1 5 3 2 4 2 7 4 2 4 3 4
2 0 3 1 4 3
Types of frequency distribution
Converting inclusive into exclusive
series
Do it yourself
INCLUSIVE EXCLUSIVE
50 - 53
54 - 57
58 - 61
62 - 65
66 - 69
Open-Ended series
Cumulative frequency series

The frequencies than become cumulative frequencies. The cumulative frequency for the
first class interval is the same as frequency itself.
Do it yourself!
MARKS NO OF STUDENTS
0-10 4
10-20 8
20-30 15
30-40 20
40-50 13
TOTAL 60
Mid-values frequency series
Question 1

Convert the following series into ‘less than’ and ‘more than’ cumulative
frequency distribution.
Daily wages No. of workers
100-110 9
110-120 6
120-130 10
130-140 7
140-150 8
Total 40
Question 2
Convert the following ‘less than’ cumulative frequency distribution into
a simple frequency distribution
Marks (less than) No. of workers
5 1
10 3
15 12
20 19
25 26
30 30
35 40
Question 3
Convert the following ‘more than’ cumulative frequency distribution
into a ‘less than’ cumulative frequency distribution
Values (more Cumulative
than) frequency
10 120
20 117
30 90
40 72
50 38
60 15

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