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Lab 06

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views34 pages

Lab 06

Uploaded by

Ali Mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Displaying Data from

Multiple Tables
Lesson Agenda

• Types of JOINS and its


syntax
• Natural join:
– USING clause
– ON clause
• Self-join
• Nonequijoins
• OUTER join:
– LEFT OUTER join
– RIGHT OUTER join
– FULL OUTER join
• Cartesian product
– Cross join

6-2
Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables

EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

6-3
Types of Joins

Joins with the SQL standard include the following:


• Natural joins:
– NATURAL JOIN clause
– USING clause
– ON clause
• Self-join
• Non-equijoins
• OUTER joins:
– LEFT OUTER JOIN
– RIGHT OUTER JOIN
– FULL OUTER JOIN
• Cross joins

6-4
Joining Tables Using SQL Syntax

Use a join to query data from more than one table:

SELECT table1.column, table2.column


FROM table1
[NATURAL JOIN table2] |
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] |
[JOIN table2
ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]|
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]|
[CROSS JOIN table2];

6-5
Qualifying Ambiguous
Column Names
• Use table prefixes to qualify column names that are in
multiple tables.
• Use table prefixes to improve performance.
• Instead of full table name prefixes, use table aliases.
• Table alias gives a table a shorter name:
– Keeps SQL code smaller, uses less memory
• Use column aliases to distinguish columns that have
identical names, but reside in different tables.

6-6
Lesson Agenda

• Types of JOINS and its


syntax
• Natural join:
– USING clause
– ON clause
• Self-join
• Nonequijoins
• OUTER join:
– LEFT OUTER join
– RIGHT OUTER join
– FULL OUTER join
• Cartesian product
– Cross join

6-7
Creating Natural Joins

• The NATURAL JOIN clause is based on all columns in


the two tables that have the same name.
• It selects rows from the two tables that have equal values
in all matched columns.
• If the columns having the same names have different data
types, an error is returned.

6-8
Retrieving Records with Natural Joins

SELECT department_id, department_name,


location_id, city
FROM departments
NATURAL JOIN locations ;

6-9
Creating Joins with the USING
Clause
• If several columns have the same names but the data
types do not match, use the USING clause to specify
the columns for the equijoin.
• Use the USING clause to match only one column
when more than one column matches.

6 - 10
Joining Column Names

EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

Primary key

Foreign key

6 - 11
Retrieving Records with the USING
Clause

SELECT employee_id, last_name,


location_id, department_id
FROM employees JOIN
departments
USING (department_id) ;

6 - 12
Using Table Aliases with the USING
Clause
• Do not qualify a column that is used in the USING
clause.
• If the same column is used elsewhere in the SQL
statement,
SELECT do not
l.city, alias it.
d.department_name
FROM locations l JOIN departments
d USING (location_id)
WHERE d.location_id = 1400;

6 - 13
Creating Joins with the ON
Clause
• The join condition for the natural join is basically an
equijoin of all columns with the same name.
• Use the ON clause to specify conditions or specify columns
to join.
• The join condition is separated from other search
conditions.
• The ON clause makes code easy to understand.

6 - 14
Retrieving Records with the ON
Clause

SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,


d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id =
d.department_id);

6 - 15
Creating Three-Way Joins with
the ON Clause

SELECT employee_id, city, department_name


FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON d.department_id =
e.department_id JOIN locations l
ON d.location_id = l.location_id;

6 - 16
Applying Additional Conditions
to a Join
Use the AND clause or the WHERE clause to apply
additional conditions:
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id =
d.department_id)
AND e.manager_id = 149 ;
Or
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id =
d.department_id)
WHERE e.manager_id = 149 ;

6 - 17
Lesson Agenda

• Types of JOINS and its


syntax
• Natural join:
– USING clause
– ON clause
• Self-join
• Nonequijoins
• OUTER join:
– LEFT OUTER join
– RIGHT OUTER join
– FULL OUTER join
• Cartesian product
– Cross join

6 - 18
Joining a Table to Itself

EMPLOYEES (WORKER) EMPLOYEES (MANAGER)

… …

MANAGER_ID in the WORKER table is equal


to
EMPLOYEE_ID in the MANAGER table.
6 - 19
Self-Joins Using the ON
Clause

SELECT worker.last_name emp, manager.last_name mgr


FROM employees worker JOIN employees manager
ON (worker.manager_id = manager.employee_id);

6 - 20
Lesson Agenda

• Types of JOINS and its


syntax
• Natural join:
– USING clause
– ON clause
• Self-join
• Nonequijoins
• OUTER join:
– LEFT OUTER join
– RIGHT OUTER join
– FULL OUTER join
• Cartesian product
– Cross join

6 - 21
Nonequijoins

EMPLOYEES JOBS

JOBS table defines the min_Salary


… and max_Salary range of values for
each job_Title. Hence, the
job_Title column can be used to
assign title to each employee.

6 - 22
Retrieving Records
with Nonequijoins

SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.job_title


FROM employees e JOIN jobs j
ON e.salary
BETWEEN j.min_salary AND
j.max_salary;

6 - 23
Lesson Agenda

• Types of JOINS and its


syntax
• Natural join:
– USING clause
– ON clause
• Self-join
• Nonequijoins
• OUTER join:
– LEFT OUTER join
– RIGHT OUTER join
– FULL OUTER join
• Cartesian product
– Cross join

6 - 24 Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Returning Records with No Direct Match
Using OUTER Joins
DEPARTMENTS Equijoin with EMPLOYEES

There are no employees …


in department 190.

Employee “Grant” has


not been assigned a
department ID.

6 - 25
INNER Versus OUTER
Joins
• In SQL, the join of two tables returning only matched
rows is called an INNER join.
• A join between two tables that returns the results of the
INNER join as well as the unmatched rows from the left
(or right) table is called a left (or right) OUTER join.

6 - 26
LEFT OUTER
JOIN

SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name


FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

6 - 27
RIGHT OUTER
JOIN

SELECT e.last_name, d.department_id, d.department_name


FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

6 - 28
FULL OUTER
JOIN

SELECT e.last_name, d.department_id, d.department_name


FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

6 - 29
Lesson Agenda

• Types of JOINS and its


syntax
• Natural join:
– USING clause
– ON clause
• Self-join
• Nonequiijoin
• OUTER join:
– LEFT OUTER join
– RIGHT OUTER join
– FULL OUTER join
• Cartesian product
– Cross join

6 - 30
Cartesian Products

• A Cartesian product is formed when:


– A join condition is omitted
– A join condition is invalid
– All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second
table
• To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a valid join
condition.

6 - 31
Generating a Cartesian Product

EMPLOYEES (20 DEPARTMENTS (8


rows) rows)

Cartesian product:
20 x 8 = 160
rows

6 - 32
Creating Cross Joins

• The CROSS JOIN clause produces the cross-product


of two tables.
• This is also called a Cartesian product between the two
tables.
SELECT last_name, department_name
FROM employees
CROSS JOIN departments ;

6 - 33
Thank You

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