Lesson 2:

Introduction
to Statistics
 Observati
on

Surv Experimen
ey tal

Registrati Existin
on g
 Methods of Data Collection
Observation Method

- Data can be obtained by observing the behavior of persons

or objects but only at a particular time of occurrence.
- The data obtained is called an observational data.
 Methods of Data Collection
Experimental Method

- Especially useful when one wants to collect

data for cause and effects studies
- There is actual human interference with the conditions or
the situations that can affect the variable under study
- Prevalent in scientific researches
 Methods of Data Collection
Use of Existing
Studies

- CHED or DECS enrollment data

- Census Data
 Methods of Data Collection
Registration Method

- Respondents provide the necessary information in

observance and compliance with existing laws
- Our registration, birth registration, student registration,
voter’s registration
 Methods of Data Collection
Survey Method

- The desired information is obtained through asking questions

 COMMON FORMS OF SURVEY
METHOD

Persona Questionnair
l e
Int e r v ie Method
 There
wis a person-to-person  Considered the easiest method of
contact
between the interviewer and the data collection.
 Considered
interviewee.as one of the most effective  Utilizes an instrument which is the
methods of data collection because
questionnaire as a tool.
accurate and precise information can
 Lower response rate
only be directly obtained and verified
from the respondents.  Can be administered to a
 Higher response rate
 Can
large number of respondents
be administered to the
respondents one at a time. simultaneously.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
COLLECTION

Censu S u r v ey
s Sampling

 Method of gathering data Method of gathering data

from every unit in the from every unit in the
population. selected sample.
 Not always Reduces cost, greater
possible because of speed, scope and accuracy.
money, time and effort.
Probability Sampling

A sampling procedure in
which every element in the
population has known
non- zero chance of being
included in the sample.
 Simple Random
Sampling

Stratified Random
Sampling Sampling

Systematic Sampling
Methods

Cluster Sampling
Simple Random Sampling

A simple random sampling is a sampling

technique in which every element of the
population has the same chance of being
selected for inclusion in the sample.
Example:
A researcher wants to study the effects of social
media on Grade 11 students in Manila Mathematics
High School. He wishes to use the simple random
sampling technique in choosing the members of his
sample. If there are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the
school, how many students should there be in his
sample? Discuss the steps he must take if he wishes
to use the lottery method.
Solution (Step 1):
Determine the number of students that should be in

𝑁
the sample. Use the Slovin’s formula as follows:

𝑛=
1+
𝑁𝑒
𝑛 = number of samples
Where:
2
𝑁 = population size
needed

𝑒 = margin of error
Step 2: Assign a number to each member of the
population. In this problem, assign a number to
each of the 1,000 students.
Step 3: Write the numbers on pieces of
paper with the same size and shape. Fold the
pieces of paper.
Step 4: Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box.

Step 5: Without looking, randomly pick out 286

folded pieces from the bowl or box.
Stratified Sampling

Stratified sampling is a random sampling

technique in which the population is
first divided into strata and then
samples are randomly selected
separately from each stratum.
Example:
Matilda, a Statistics student, wants to determine who
care more about their physical appearances, the male
or the female students. She wants to limit her study to
the Grade 10 students. There are unequal number of
Grade 10 students: 340 are male and 500 are female.
She wants her sample to consist only of 50 students.
She chooses the members of her sample by using the
stratified sampling technique.
Solution:
Subdivide the Grade 10 students into two subgroups
using gender. Divide the number of students per gender
by the total number of students, and then, multiply the
resulting quotient by 50. The computations are shown
below.
Population Number of Students Sample
N = 840 Per Stratum n = 50
Male 340 20
Female 500 30
Total 840 50
Systematic Sampling
A systematic sampling is a random sampling
technique in which a listof elements of the
population is used as a sampling frame and
the elements to be included in the desired
sample are selected by skipping through
the list at regular intervals.
 Systematic sampling is a random sampling technique in
which every kth element of the population is selected until
the desired number of elements in the sample is

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒

obtained.

𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑘=
𝑛𝑢𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑜𝑓𝑘 = sampling interval
Where:

𝑒𝑙𝑒
𝑁 = population size
𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑛 = sample size
𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛
Example:
In a group of 250 students, how will you select a
sample containing 71 students by using the
systematic sampling technique?

Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by randomly

arranging the 250 students.

Step 2: Assign each student a number from 1 to 250.

Step 3: find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size by
250 by the sample size 71.
Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and
k + 1 by simple random technique. The numbers that are
between 0 and k + 1 are 1, 2, 3, and 4. this chosen value
is called as the random start.
Step 5: Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. Use 2 as
the starting number.
Step 6: Select every 4th student from
the sampling frame from the 2nd student.
The number of the sample will then be 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, …
Cluster or Area Sampling
Cluster or area sampling is a random
sampling technique in which the entire
population is broken into small groups, or
clusters, and then, some of the clusters are
randomly selected. The data from the
randomly selected clusters are the ones
that are analyzed.
Example:

A researcher wants to determine who among the

families in a small town are using the new detergent
product. How is she going to do this using cluster
sampling technique?
Step 1: Divide the population into clusters. Use barrios
as clusters.
Step 2: Not all the barrios of the town will be included
in the sample. Choose the final barrios by using
either the simple random sampling or systematic
sampling technique.
Step 3: Not all the families in each selected barrio will be
included in the study. Select the families to be
included in the sample by using a simple random
sampling or systematic random sampling.
 Tabula
r
Textual Graphical

PRESENTATIO
N OF DATA
 Common Forms of Graphs
Bar Graph
- Uses rectangular bars the length of which represents the quantity
of frequency for each category.
Year Level Total Percentage
First Year 1, 117 10.17
Second Year 1, 032 27.88
Third Year 733 19.80
Fourth Year 820 22.15
Total 3, 702 100.00
4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth Year Total
 Common Forms of Graphs
Multiple Bar Graph
- Useful when the researcher wants to compare figures
- Uses legend to guide the viewer in analyzing the data
Year Level Males Females
First Year 682 435
Second Year 496 536
Third Year 314 419
Fourth Year 435 385
Total 1927 1775
2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth Year Total

Male
Female
 Common Forms of Graphs
Pie Chart
- Used to present quantities that make up a whole
- The total area of the pie is 100%
Year Level Total Percentage
First Year 1, 117 10.17
Second Year 1, 032 27.88
Third Year 733 19.80
Fourth Year 820 22.15
Total 3, 702 100.00
 10.17
22.15

27.88

19.8

First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth

 Common Forms of Graphs
Line Chart
- Especially useful in showing trends over a period of time
Number of Student-Dropouts Number of Student-Dropouts
Year (Male) (Female)
2016 40 26
2017 38 43
2018 53 55
2019 48 32
2020 62 49
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Male Female
METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION
Statistical data collected should be arranged
in such a manner that will allow a reader to
distinguish their essential features.
Depending on the type of information and
the objectives of the person presenting the
information.
Textual Form is where data is exposed
through printed or spoken words, such as
through printed or oral media. This form is
utilized when data to be presented are
purely qualitative or when very few
numbers are involved.
Tabular Form is where data is arranged in rows
and columns. This form is more effective in
making comparisons and drawing relationships
between variables.
1.Stem-and-Leaf 2.Frequency Distribution Table
Graphical Form is where data is organized
and presented through the use of various
kinds of graphs. It facilitates analyzing,
summarizing and understanding voluminous
set of data.
1.Line Graph 2.Bar Graph
1.Pie Chart 2.Pictograph
1.Statistical Maps 2.Histogram
1.Ogive 2.Frequency Polygon

An ogive graph plots cumulative frequency on

the y-axis and class boundaries along the x-axis. A frequency polygon is a graph that is
It’s very similar to a histogram, only instead of obtained by joining the class marks of a
rectangles, an ogive has a single point marking histogram with the two end points lying
where the top right of the rectangle would be. It on the horizontal axis. It gives an idea of
is usually easier to create this kind of graph from
the shape of the distribution.
a frequency table.