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Antenna Basics

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59 views11 pages

Antenna Basics

Uploaded by

202101200
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Antenna Types

• Wire Antennas: Monopoles and Dipoles


• Horn Antennas
• Reflector Antennas
• Array Antennas
Directivity, Gain, and the
Isotropic Radiator

• An Isotropic Radiator radiates energy


equally in all directions. This is a
theoretical construct. A
 star is probably the
E  Kf  , 
e  jBR
R

closest real-world example (and even they


are not perfectly isotropic).
• Antennas radiate spherical waves, but in the
far-field, they can be approximated by plane
waves in the θ and Φ directions.
Spherical Coordinates

Z
EΦ
θ

Eθ

Φ
X
Antenna Polarization
• Antennas can radiate any combination of Eθ or EΦ
components. The relative magnitude and phase of
each determines the antenna polarization.
• Linear Polarization
– Vertical and Horizontal
– Field vectors remain oriented as they propagate.
• Circular Polarization
– Right Hand and Left Hand Circular, RHC and LHC
– Field vectors rotate in space as wave propagates.
– Thumb of right hand in direction of wave propagation,
fingers show rotation of RHP wave (IEEE definition).
Far-Field Power Density

PT W
  
4R m
2 2

 is the power density at distance R


• If Pt (Watts) is input to an isotropic antenna with
100% efficiency then this represents the far-field
power density.
• This is hypothetical since f(θ,Φ) is not 1 everywhere.
Far-Field Power Density
By Poynting' s Theorem :
1
  E H *
2
But,
E
Z 0
H
Hence,
2

1 E 1 2
    H Z0
2 Z0 2
Gain and Efficiency
• Gain or Directivity is commonly expressed in Decibels.
• G(dBi) = 10 Log G
• dBi is gain referenced to an isotropic antenna (whose gain
is 1, or 0 dB).
• dBd is gain referenced to a half-wave dipole (2.15 dBi).
• ηA primarily comes from impedance
mismatches and resistive losses within the
antenna (usually R losses are very small-
current flows in skin depth on conductors at
RF). Efficiency for most antennas is
approximately 1.
Rectangular Pattern

BWFN

0
-3

Sidelobes
-20 (usually unwanted)

θ
10 10

-3 dB BW
or HPBW
Radiation Pattern
• HPBW - Half-Power Beamwidth (also called 3db or -3dB
beamwidth) - the angle between points on either side of the
main lobe where the power is half that at the peak.
• BWFN - Beamwidth between First Nulls - angle between
the first nulls in the pattern on either side of the main lobe.
• Sidelobes - additional local maxima of radiation, usually
unwanted in highly directional antennas.
• Null - area of very low signal between sidelobes)
• Main lobe - lobe of maximum radiation, should be aimed
toward desired direction for communication.
Reciprocity
• The Reciprocity Theorem says that the
performance of an antenna as a receiver is
identical to its performance as a transmitter,
EXCEPT that antennas that transmit must be able
to handle higher currents than those that only
receive.
• This means that the same antenna can be used for
receive and transmit if the radiation pattern will
meet the requirements of each, if not, use separate
antennas
Andrew 9.3 – meter Diameter
E.S. antenna
• C-band Operation
– Rx: 3.400 - 4.200 GHz
– Tx: 5.850 - 6.725 GHz
• Gain:
– Rx: 50.4 dBi (midband)
– Tx: 53.9 dBi (midband)

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