银河宇宙射线在全日球层的调制

Galactic Cosmic Ray

modulation in the
Global Heliosphere
罗熙 1, 冯学尚 1 , 张明 2
X. Luo, X.S. Feng, and M. Zhang
1. SIGMA Group, State key laboratory of space
weather
2. Florida Institute of Technology
 Introduction and Motivation.
 Cosmic Ray Transport theory &
Numerical Simulation Method.
 Global Heliosphere Simulation.
 Strategy for incorporating MHD
data into cosmic ray transport code.
 Simulation result.
 Introduction :
Heliosphere
•Solar wind interacts with
the interstellar medium,
forming a blown bubble
called heliosphere.
•Termination Shock(Solar
wind speed largely
decrease.)
•Heliosheath(region
between termination shock
and heliopause)
•Heliopause(boundary An artist’s interpretation of heliosphere,
between solar wind and From http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/
interstellar medium)
•Interplanetary Magnetic Field is frozen in the solar wind, forming Parker Spiral.
    A  r sin  
B 0 (v B ) 0 B  2 (er  e )[1  2 H (   cs )]
r V
Introduction: Cosmic
Ray Modulation
Four major mechanisms contributing to
cosmic ray transport inside heliosphere.
1. Convection: The outwards
moving solar wind advects
the magnetic field and
cosmic rays.
2. Diffusion: Scattering by
the irregularity of the
magnetic field cause the
cosmic ray diffuse.
3. Drift : Large scale spatial
variation of the average
magnetic field cause
coherent guiding-center
drifts (gradient, curvature
and current sheet).
4. Adiabatic Energy Change :
the expansion and
compression of solar wind
Fig 2: Cosmic Ray Intensity vs SSN (From ∇ · V causes the cosmic
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/SOLAR/COSMIC_RAYS/cosmic.html) ray particles lose or gain
energy.
Cosmic Ray Modulation – Open
Questions
 What role does the heliosheath play in cosmic
ray modulation, how much does it contribute to
the total modulation? How to interpret recent
cosmic ray data from Voyagers?

 How does the termination shock acceleration

and its geometric shape affect the cosmic ray
modulation?
 Cosmic Ray Transport
f 
  Equation
 1  f
  f  (Vsw  Vd ) f   Vp (Parker, E.N, 1965)
t 3 p

f  f (r , p) 2 
f Distribution function, j  p f (r , p)
Differential intensity
  (the number of particles
Vsw Vd Solar wind speed, cosmic ray drift Speed
 per unit area, per unit
 pv B
Vd   2 time, per unit solid
3q B angle, per unit energy)
p Momentum
  || 0 0 Diffusion along the
 ||

 0   magnetic field line
 Diffusion Tensor
  0 
 0 0   
Diffusion perpendicular to 
the magnetic field line
 Numerical Method-
Markov Stochastic Method
Cosmic Ray transport equation is equivalent to the following
time-backwards Ito stochastic differential equations
      Demonstration of solving
dx  2 dw ( s )  (  Vsw  Vd )ds the cosmic ray equation in
 1-D case.
dp  3 Vsw pds
1

dW satisfies a Wiener process, which is

a nonstationary Markov process having a
Gaussian Distribution.
( dwi ) 2
1 [ ]
p (dwi )  e 2 dt

2dt
Gaussian distribution Random Number
with standard deviation of dt
 Global Heliosphere
Simulation
--
MagnetoHydroDynamic MHD(MHD) theorymethod
is used to study the interaction between the solar
wind and interstellar medium (ISM). The magnetic field and solar wind speed is a
natural solution of a set of MHD equations (See following).
 Mass Density
 
 ( v ) 0 ( Mass conservation)
t 
 
( v)  B B v Solar Wind Velocity
 ( v v  p0 Iˆ  ) H pm H ( Momentum conservation )
t 4 B2
 P0  p  Total Pressure
B    20
 (v B  Bv ) 0 ( Magnetic flux conservation)
t
  
e  B (v B ) B Magnetic Field
 [(e  p0 )v  ] H pe  H ( Energy conservation
1) 2 3 B2
t 4 e   mu  p  Total Energy Density
2 2 20
This basic set of MHD equations above does not include the effects of partially ionized
and partially neutral gas (most are hydrogen) in the Interstellar Medium (ISM). To include
the interstellar neutral atoms, the MHD equations above should include the source terms
in the momentum equation and energy equations. These source terms are related to the
neutral atoms’ distribution function which follows Boltzmann equation.
  F
f H  v f H  v f H  p  L
t mp
 Global Heliosphere
Simulation
-MHD
Termination Shock result
Current Sheet
1 Termination Shock

The interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind speed data from
MHD simulation. The left panel shows the magnetic field magnitude in
the X-Z plane; while the right panel shows the solar wind speed in the
same plane.
 Global Heliosphere
Simulation
-MHD result 2

These two plots are similar to previous plots( the solar wind and
interplanetary magnetic field) except the plots is in larger scale(1200AU).
 Incorporating MHD data
into cosmic ray transport
Ⅰ MHD data interpolation code
In order to obtain the magnetic field and solar wind speed at any arbitrary point
(r, θ, φ) inside the simulation domain, the discrete MHD data need to be interpolated.

Step 1, use the bilinear interpolation method to obtain the values at the point of
(r(i−1), θ, φ) and (r(i), θ, φ) separately.
Step 2, after obtaining the values at these two points, a linear interpolation is
adapted to get the local value at the point (r, θ, φ).
(r , i  1 ,  )
Projected Point

(r , , i  1 ) (r , , i )
[r(i), θ, φ]

(r , i ,  ) [r(i-1), θ, φ]
 Incorporating MHD data into
cosmic ray transport code
-Calculate the Diffusion Tensor
Diffusion Tensor in the MHD coordinate system
  || sin 2     cos 2  0  || sin  cos     cos  sin  
 
  0 1 0 
  || sin  cos     cos  sin  0  cos 2
   sin 2
 
 ||  
 is the angle between
p 0.5 Be
 ||  || 0  (
the magnetic field and radial direction.
1
) ( )
Coefficient 1GeVc B ( || ) 0 150 10 20 cm 2 s  1
p 0.5 Be (  ) 0 8 10 20 cm 2 s  1
  (  ) 0  ( 1
) ( )
1Gevc B
 Incorporating MHD data into
Cosmic Ray Transport code-
Calculate Drift Speed
Using Parker

 pv  B Magnetic field
Vd   ( 2 ) Model
3q B
 A  r sin  
B  2 (er  e )[1  2 H (   cs )]
r V
1 B B
rˆ : [ r cos   B  r sin   r ]
r 2 sin   
1 B B
ˆ : [ r  sin  B  r sin  ]
r sin   r
Calculation is
1  B  B
ˆ : [ B  r   r
] made along
r r 
the direction
B B (   )  B ( )  



( , )
k / 55 ( k  2 ) / 55
3 3
e e
(r 595  ,  2 / 79,   / 140)
e4  1
Incorporating MHD data into
Cosmic Ray transport code:
Sharpen the width of MHD
The MHDTermination Shock
solution gives a very large termination shock width of several AU,
comparing reality (< 0.1AU). In order to correctly reflect the Diffusive Shock
Acceleration, the width of termination shock from MHD data need to be reduced.

 tanh( w(r  rts ))  1

X (r )  ( X up  X down )  X down
2
Simulation Result-radial
dependence of the
differential
Radial gradient flux
is positive. Both Heliosheath and termination shock contribute to the total
modulation. The gradient has a sudden change at the location of termination shock.

Radial Gradient inside termination shock: 200 MeV: 2.03% AU -1, 300MeV: 2.01% AU-1,
d (ln j )
600MeV: 1.83% AU (Ulysses’ data: 2.2±0.6% AU >250MeV proton)
-1 -1 Gr 
dr
 Simulation result – The
effect of Diffusive Shock
Acceleration on cosmic
ray
The flux value modulation
at the location of termination
shock increases with the effect of Diffusive Previous work without DSA
Shock Acceleration caused by termination consideration (Florinski & Pogorelov,
shock. As a result, Radial Gradient changes. 2009,APJ), flux curve shows no kink
at termination shock.

Analytical Code, Using

Parker Magnetic Field
instead of MHD data.
 Simulation result-
radial flux’s latitude
dependence
Inside termination shock, flux value increases as latitude increase; the situation reverses in the
heliosheath region. The result inside termination shock is consistent with previous proposed
scenario: cosmic ray particles enter from the polar region and outward near the ecliptic plane
region. The situation reverses in the heliosheath: radial flux at lower latitude is higher. Possible
reasons: 1 diffusion is more important there, 2. Flip current sheet.

Northern heliosphere Southern heliosphere

Simulation Result-North
south asymmetric &
 Longitude
Inside termination shock, cosmic effect
ray behaves same in the north and south
heliosphere. In the heliosheath region, lower energy cosmic ray may show some
difference.
 Longitude affect cosmic ray transport. 3-D cosmic ray simulation code is
needed.
 Simulation Result-
Local Interstellar
no directSpectrum effect
 LIS specify the boundary condition in the numerical simulation, up to now,
observation approach to obtain truly LIS. Only some calculated
ones can be used. How the choice of LIS affect cosmic ray transport?

p 7.941
f ( p) 
(0.11210.9564  P 0.9564 )13.4095 Webber, 2009
(0.9382  p 2 )  1.8
f ( p)  Zhang, 1999
p

Absolute
modulation
level
decrease.
Relative
contribution
from different No north-sourth
regions is
nearly the
asymmetry difference
same. shows up.
 Simulation Result
- differential flux along
Voyager direction
V1: (35, 0) Voyagers’ Radial
 Voyager direction
V2: (30, 218) Gradient is different
Time ( year ) 0.2768 r ( AU )  1978.9 (for Voyager 1)
Time-location relationship
Time ( year ) 0.3334 r ( AU )  1979.9 (for Voyager 2)
 Simulation result
-Spacecraft’s
Spectrum Comparison

Pamela
PAMELA (elliptical orbit at an altitude between 350 and 610KM).
The difference may due to the earth magnetic field effect.
 Simulation Result
-Spacecraft’s Spetrum
Comparison
Voyager 1

Our simulation result agrees

well with Voyager’s Spectrum
Measurement(2008, 105AU).
Thank you !