Ambo Ifa Boru Special

Boarding Secondary School

Physics Lecture Notes On U-7
For G-9

By: Desta N.
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
Unit Outline
& Heat
7.1. Temperature and
molecular
motion
7.2. Thermal Expansion
of solids,
liquids and gases
7.3. Quantity of heat,
specific heat
capacity and heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
7.1. Temperature and molecular
motion
 Matter consists of moving particles
(atoms or molecules).
These particles:
interact more or less strongly with one
another.
speed increased by raising the
temperature & reduced by lowering
the temperature
kinetic energy constantly changing as
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Temperature
- is a measure of the average
molecular kinetic
energy of the particles.
If the particles in a substance have a
higher average kinetic energy then
the object is at a higher temp.
For example, water molecules in a
glass of water at
500c are, on average,
moving faster than
 Unit
What is heat?
7 Temperature
& Heat flow of energy into or
is the spontaneous
out of a system
 caused by a difference in temperature
between;
 the system and its surroundings, or
 two objects.
Note
A body never contains heat (can be identified
only as it crosses the boundary).
i.e heat is a transient phenomenon.
Heat is one form of energy; it is therefore
measured in joules and is a scalar quantity.
Heat is a flow of energy from hotter regions to
colder ones.
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Both are at the same temperature, at
1000c. Water in which beaker will contain
more heat energy?

1kg
0.5 kg
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Thermal contact and Thermal
equilibrium
Thermal contact
When two bodies at different temperature
are in contact, heat can flow from a body
at a higher temperature to a body at a
lower temperature.
 The two bodies are said to be in
thermal contact.
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Thermal Equilibrium
Two systems are in thermal
equilibrium;
if and only if they have the same
temperature.
there is no heat flow from one system
to another.
may or may not have equal thermal
energy.
 Unit 7 Temperature
& of
Zeroth law Heat
thermodynamics (Law
of equilibrium)
Thermodynamics is the branch of
physics that deals with the relationships
between heat and other forms of energy.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
introduces the concept of
temperature.
Two objects in thermal equilibrium do
not exchange energy.
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states
that;
“if object A is in thermal equilibrium
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat

Note
Temperature is an intensive
quantity/independent of body size.
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Temperature scales
Thermometers - are devices used to
measure the
temperature of a system.
Some physical properties that change with
temperature are:
the volume of a liquid
the dimensions of a solid
the pressure of a gas at constant
volume
the volume of a gas at constant
pressure

 Unit 7 Temperature
The three& Heat
most commonly used
temperature scales are:
1. Kelvin scale(K)
2. Celsius scale(0C) &
3. Fahrenheit scale(0F)
The SI temperature unit is the kelvin,
which is;
 abbreviated K
not accompanied by a degree sign.
A substance will have no thermal energy
at absolute
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
The freezing and boiling points of water
are:
0 and 100 in Celsius scale,
respectively
32 and 212 in Fahrenheit scale,
respectively
273.15 and 373.15 in kelvin scale,
respectively
These two fixed reference points are
used to design temperature scale.
Relationships between the Fahrenheit,
 Unit 7 Temperature
Where, & Heat
LFP- lower fixed point is marked at the
freezing or
melting point of water (at 00c).
UFP - upper fixed point is marked at the
boiling point
of water (at 1000c
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat

To convert Fahrenheit scale to Celsius scale:

To convert Celsius scale to Fahrenheit scale:

To convert Celsius scale to Kelvin scale

Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Exercises !
1. Temperature of a patient is 50°C .
Find the
temperature on Fahrenheit scale ?
2. At what temperature is the Fahrenheit
scale
reading equal to three times Celsius
scale ?
3. The temperature of an iron piece is
raised from
40°F to 80°F. What is the change in its
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
The first law of thermodynamics states
that:
“The increase in internal energy of the
gas, ∆U, will be equal to the heat energy it
has gained, ∆Q, plus any work done on the
gas, ∆W.”

Note
∆U, ∆Q and ∆W are either positive or
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
&law
Second Heat
of thermodynamics
 it concerns the direction of heat flow
between two bodies.
It might be expressed as:
Heat generally cannot flow spontaneously
from a material at
lower temperature to a material at higher
temperature.
Heat energy will not flow from a colder
object to a hotter one spontaneously
unless work is done.
Energy must be used to reverse the
usual flow of heat energy.
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
7.2. Thermal Expansion of solids,
liquids and gases
The expansion of solids
In general, when matter is heated:
it expands and when cooled it
contracts.
they vibrate faster and force each
other a little further apart.
results in expansion.
 Expansion is greater for liquids than for
solids; gases expand even more.
The ball and ring experiment shown in
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat

From experiments, it is observed that the

increase in length of a solid bar depends on two
factors:
i) original length- directly proportional

ii) change in temperature- directly proportional.

Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat

Examples
1) A steel is 40 cm long at 200C. The coefficient
of linear
expansion for steel is 12 x 10-6 /0C. Calculate
the increase in
length and the final length when it is at 700C.
2) At 25 0C, the length of the glass is 50 cm.
After heated, the
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Surface (area) expansion of solids
o It is a two dimensional expansion of
solids.
o It is also called surface expansion.

Let us consider metal sheet of area A1 at

T1 temp. If we increase the temperature of
the sheet by heating to T2, it will expand.
Let A2 be the area the metal sheet at T2.
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Change in area is found to be:
1. Directly proportional to the original
area of the body
∆A~ A1
-----------------------------------------------(1)
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat

Exercise !
Show that for a given substance, the
relation between α and β is given
by;
β= 2α
 Unit 7 Temperature
&
Example
Heat
1. At 20 0C, the length of a sheet of steel
is 50 cm and the width is 30 cm. If the
coefficient of linear expansion for steel
is 10-5 1/0C, determine the change in
area and the final area at 60 0C.
2. At 30 0C, the area of a sheet of
aluminum is 40 cm2 and the coefficient
of linear expansion is 24 x 10-6 1/0C.
Determine the final temperature if the
final area is 40.2 cm2.
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Volume expansion of solids
 three dimensional expansion.
 when they are heated they expand in all
directions i.e., Length, Height and Width.

Consider solid metal of volume V1 at T1

temperature. If we increase the
temperature of the solid metal by heating
to T2, it will expand. Let V2 be the volume
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Application of thermal expansion
Engineers must consider thermal
expansion of solids in the construction of
Buildings, Bridges, Asphalts and Railway
lines.
1)Allowance or a gap for the expansion of
concretes & between railway lines on a
hot day
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
2) In a hot riveting, a hot steel rivet is
used to join two metal sheets tighter.

3)Telephone wires or electric cables are

made slightly longer or loosen in order to
easily contract the wire during cold
weather or night without breaking.
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
4) Vessels made thick ordinary glass
breaks easily if hot liquid poured in them.
Why?
Because, the inside part of the glass is heated
and tries to
expand, while the outside part of the glass
remains cold and
takes a time the heat to transfer there.
6) The bimetallic strip: can be made by placing
two different metals side by side and welding
them together along their entire length at a
particular temperature.
-It is applicable in thermostat; w/c is used as a
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat

From the above result we have seen that

the real
expansion of liquid is greater than its
apparent
expansion.
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
Table: Volume expansion of some
materials

The relationship between the volume of a

gas and its temperature can be shown
using the ideal gaspV
equation:
= nRT
This equation indicates volume of gas is not only
affected by temperature, it also affected by:
Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
 Unit 7 Temperature
& Heat
7.3. Quantity of heat, specific heat
capacity and heat capacity
Specific heat capacity
The quantity of heat, Q, required to
change the temperature of a body of mass
m is proportional to both the mass and the
change in temperature.

Where, c- specific heat

capacity
The two commonly used units of quantity
of heat are calorie and Joule.
 &
amp;amp;
One calorie(cal) Heat of heat
is the quantity
required to change the temperature of
one gram of water through one Celsius
degree(0C).

Specific heat capacity (or in short specific

heat) of the substance defined as:
 the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass of any substance
through a unit degree or
 more specifically, is the heat required to
rise the temperature of 1 kg substance
 &
amp;amp; Heat
The unit of specific heat capacity is the
joule per kilogram per ºC, i.e. J/(kg ºC).
Examples
1. If the temperature of a 5 kg mass of
material of
specific heat capacity 400 J/(kg ºC) rises
from 15ºC to
25 ºC. Calculate the heat received.
2. A body with mass 2 kg absorbs heat
100 calories
when its temperature raises from 200C
to 700C. What
&
amp;amp; Heat
 &
Principleamp;amp;
of CalorimeteryHeat
 is used to determine the specific heat
capacity of a solid.
 It indicates the law of conservation of
energy.
i.e when a hot body is mixed with a
cold body, the total heat lost by the
hot body is equal to the total heat
gained by the cold body provided that
Examples
1. no heat
A 50g lost inatthe
of copper surroundings.
900C is dropped into 200g
of water at 00C.
Calculate the equilibrium temperature of the
 &
amp;amp;
2.What amount of water at 10Heat
C must be added
0

to 400g of water at 800C to bring the

equilibrium
7.4. Changes of stateC?
temperature to 30 0

are physical changes in matter.

are reversible changes that do not
change matter's chemical makeup or
chemical properties.
processes involves melting, freezing,
sublimation, condensation, and
evaporation.
during the processes , temperature of
the substance is unchanged.
&
amp;amp; Heat
Q: If the &
temperature of the substance is
constant,amp;amp; Heat energy of
how does the internal
the substance increase?
Latent heat
means the “hidden heat” of the
substance.
Every substance has its own latent heat.
does not cause a temperature change; it
seems to disappear.
There are two types of latent heats
1.Specific latent heat of fusion(Lf)
- is the quantity of heat energy required
to change a unit mass of a substance
 &
Latent heat of fusion
amp;amp; Heat
 is heat absorbed by a solid during
melting or given out by a liquid during
solidification.
Lf =Q/m and Q= m Lf
Example
1g of ice at 00C absorbs 80cal of heat
energy in forming 1g of water at the
same temperature (at 00C). What is the
specific latent heat of fusion of ice or
water?
 &
. Specific latent heat of
amp;amp; Heat
vaporization(Lv)
- is the quantity of heat energy required to
change a unit mass of a substance from
the liquid state to a vapor at its boiling
temperature.
 When steam condenses to form water, latent
heat is given out
Latent heat of vaporization
- is heat absorbed by a liquid during
boiling or given out by a gases during it
converted into liquid.
Lv =Q/m and Q= m Lv
&
amp;amp; Heat
 &
amp;amp;
Generally, Heatto an
heat can be applied
object to change its state from solid,
through liquid to gas, according to the
following steps:
Heating curves
 &
amp;amp; Heat

 The amount of heat released during cooling

is the same as the amount of heat absorbed
during heating for the same substance.
&
amp;amp; Heat
 &
amp;amp; Heat
From the curve
The amount of heat required to vaporize is
equal to the amount of heat required to
condense the given substance.
Heat of condensation = heat of
vaporization

The amount of heat required to melt is equal

to the amount of heat required to freeze the
given substance.
Heat of melting = heat of
freezing
 &
Notesamp;amp; Heat
The melting and freezing occur at the
same temperature.
During freezing, energy is removed and
during melting, energy is absorbed.
&
The
amp;amp; Heat

Theend!
End!
Thank
Thank
you!
You !