RECOVERY

RECOVERY

Reconstruction Rehabilitation
RECOVERY
• Include long term measures e.g. houses, livelihoods,
infrastructures etc.

• Capital intensive, needs careful planning and

community participation

• Return humans and built infrastructure to minimum

operational/living standards- initially temporary in nature

• Provides good opportunity to plan developmental

activities which are more robust and resilient
Rehabilitation- Restoration for the affected
community via providing financial, psychological and
livelihood support, bringing economical stability
back to normal living conditions

• Reconstruction-Incorporate and Integrate

mitigation measures to “Build Back Better”
Paradigm Shift

Preparedness and
Relief and Response Mitigation
 Pressure & Release
Model or The Disaster
Crunch Model
Progression of Vulnerability
Progression of Vulnerability
• Root Causes
• Dynamic Pressures
• Unsafe Condition
“Crunch Model”
The Progression of Safety
Gender Specific
Gender Specific
Pressure & Release Model
• Globally disasters are occurring more often and in larger scale.
• Many policies and measures have been developed to analyse their causes and
consequences, in order to strengthen the resilience of individuals, communities
and institutions.
• Such measures and policies often disregard that the effects of disasters are likely
to be different for women, men, girls and boys.
• Women’s and men’s (of whatever age) different roles, responsibilities, and access
to resources influence how each will be affected by different hazards, and how
they will cope with and recover from disaster.
• Inequality between women and men means that, despite the incredible resilience
and capacity for survival that women often exhibit in the face of disaster, they
also experience gender-specific vulnerabilities.
Disaster Pressure and Release Model
• The “Disaster Pressure and Release Model” also known as the disaster “Crunch
Model”, helps practitioners to understand and react to people’s vulnerability to
disasters.
• The current Guidelines introduce new elements into the ‘Crunch Model’ so that it
is able to take into consideration how women and men experience different
levels and types of vulnerability to disasters.
• The “Gendered Crunch Model” essentially examines the gender aspects of each
element, or layer of the existing “Crunch Model”, to help us better understand
how each differently influences the vulnerability of poor women and men, boys
and girls
• Three layers of social processes that cause vulnerability are: root causes, dynamic
pressures and unsafe conditions. The root causes lead to dynamic pressures that
explain how the unsafe conditions have arisen and persisted.
Disaster Pressure and Release Model
• The disaster Crunch Model states that a disaster happens only when a hazard affects
vulnerable people.
• A disaster happens when these two elements come together.
• A natural phenomenon by itself is not a disaster; similarly, a population maybe vulnerable
for many years, yet without the “trigger event”, there is no disaster.
• We can therefore see that vulnerability - a pressure that is rooted in socio-economic and
political processes - is built up and has to be addressed, or released, to reduce the risk of
a disaster.
• These processes may include poverty, age-related discrimination, exclusion or
exploitation based on gender, ethnic or religious factors.
• The outcome will be “safe” as opposed to “unsafe conditions”, “resilient or capable
communities” as opposed to “vulnerable communities” and “sustainable livelihoods” as
opposed to “unsustainable livelihoods”.
Progression of Vulnerability
• The “progression of vulnerability” , provides an explanation for the
interrelationships between different elements that cause
vulnerability.
• Disaster risk management practitioners have used the model since
then to examine the causes of vulnerability during disaster risk
assessment.
Example:
• For example, for people living by a river prone to sudden onset flooding:
• “unsafe conditions” may be: poor housing conditions, dangerous location,
risky livelihoods, lack of disaster preparedness skills, etc.
• “dynamic pressures” may be: no community organization for collective
efforts to reduce flood risks, rapid migration tendencies that change the
social structure, the lack of local markets for small farmers to sell their
produces or buy agricultural inputs, etc.
• “root causes” may be: government negligence of sand mining in that river,
the lack of government policy on flood warning systems and land use
planning, poor men and women are not allowed to attend meetings on
flood mitigation and emergency response preparedness, etc
Conclusion
• Theoretically, the “pressure” between hazards and vulnerabilities should
be released to reduce disaster risk.
• Hazards should be mitigated to reduce their intensity, thus affect
vulnerable population less.
• Vulnerability should also be reduced at different levels: activities need to
be undertaken to turn “unsafe conditions” into “safer conditions”,
“dynamic pressures” will be reduced and “root causes” will be addressed.
• These DRR activities aim to achieve a controlled situation and a resilient
community, where there is no loss of life, few casualties, restricted
damage, food security and capacity to recover quickly from any impact of
a hazard
What Should be Done
• For each identified issue or problem, gender sensitive measure(s) should be
defined, and practitioners should discuss
• What positive changes in the life of men and women, boys and girl will the
measure bring?
• How will they be involved in decision making processes and implementation
of the measure?
• Are their gendered needs, concerns and capacities addressed equitably?
• What more can be done to achieve gender equality in this?
• Are human, financial and material resources allocated adequately by the local
authorities, government and the responsible agencies to realise the measure
 Sendai Framework 2015
The present framework will apply to the risk of small-scale and large-scale,
frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters, caused by natural or
manmade hazards as well as related environmental, technological and biological
hazards and risks. It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in
development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors

The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health
and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons,
businesses, communities and countries.
The Four Priorities for Action
• Priority 1. Understanding disaster risk
Disaster risk management should be based on an understanding of disaster risk in all its
dimensions of vulnerability, capacity, exposure of persons and assets, hazard
characteristics and the environment. Such knowledge can be used for risk assessment,
prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response.

• Priority 2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk

Disaster risk governance at the national, regional and global levels is very important for
prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and rehabilitation. It fosters
collaboration and partnership.
• Priority 3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
Public and private investment in disaster risk prevention and reduction through structural
and non-structural measures are essential to enhance the economic, social, health and
cultural resilience of persons, communities, countries and their assets, as well as the
environment.
• Priority 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build
Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction
The growth of disaster risk means there is a need to strengthen disaster preparedness for
response, take action in anticipation of events, and ensure capacities are in place for
effective response and recovery at all levels. The recovery, rehabilitation and
reconstruction phase is a critical opportunity to build back better, including through
integrating disaster risk reduction into development measures.
 The Seven Global Targets
• (a) Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower average per
100,000 global mortality rate in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the period 2005-
2015.

(b) Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower
average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020 -2030 compared to the period 2005-
2015.
•
(c) Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product
(GDP) by 2030.
•
(d) Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic
services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing
their resilience by 2030.
(e) Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local
disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020.

(f) Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries

through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national
actions for implementation of this Framework by 2030.

(g) Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early

warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the
people by 2030.