PRESENTATION ORGANIKZATION OF DATA

Data can be presented in three forms: Textual, Tabular, and Graphical.

Before going for data presentation, consider first to classify data. Data can be classified into

1. Grouped Data are data that are organized and arranged into different classes or categories.

2. Ungrouped data are data that are not either organized, or, if arranged could only be from highest
to lowest or lowest to highest.
TEXTUAL METHOD

Ungrouped data can be presented in textual form, as in paragraph for. This involves enumerating the
important features of the dat.

Example. Below are the test scores of students in Statistics.

25 30 18 17 50 12 43 35 40 9
33 37 41 21 20 31 35 46 10 36
28 19 18 13 28 16 42 27 28 31
40 48 40 39 32 32 26 13 3 50
26 15 14 10 38 35 34 29 30 20

Arranging the scores from highest to lowest will facilitate the enumeration of important characteristics of
the data. The test scores of the 50 students in Statistics are arranged from lowest to highest are shown below:

3 13 17 20 27 30 32 35 40 43
9 13 18 21 28 30 33 36 40 46
10 14 18 25 28 31 34 37 40 48
10 15 19 26 28 31 35 38 41 50
12 16 20 26 29 32 35 39 42 50
Arranging the scores from highest to lowest will facilitate the enumeration of important characteristics of the data.
The test scores of the 50 students in Statistics are arranged from lowest to highest are shown below:

3 13 17 20 27 30 32 35 40 43
9 13 18 21 28 30 33 36 40 46
10 14 18 25 28 31 34 37 40 48
10 15 19 26 28 31 35 38 41 50
12 16 20 26 29 32 35 39 42 50

With data arranged according to magnitude, we can easily see the important features worth mentioning in
the text. One way of describing the data using the textual form is as follows:

“The highest score obtained is 50 and the lowest is 3. Ten students got a score of 40 and above, while only 4
got ten and below. Generally, the student performed well in the test with 33 students or 66 % getting a score of
25 and above.”
TABULAR METHOD

By organizing the data in tables, important features about the data can be readily
understood and organizing the data in tables can easily make comparison. Thus, a table shows
complete information regarding the data. A table has the following parts:

1. Table number: this is for easy reference to the table.

2. Table Title: if briefly explains the content of the table
3. Column Header: it described the data in each column.
4. Row classifier: it shows the classes or categories.
5. Body: this is the main part of the table.
6. Source Note: this is placed below the table when data written are not original
 Table 1 Table Number

Distribution of Student in SFC High School Table Title

According to Year Level

Year Level Number of Student Column Header

First Year 300
Row Second year 250
Classifier Third year 285 Body
Fourth Year 215
N = 1,050

Source: High School Registrar Source Note

Frequency Distribution table

A frequency distribution table is a table that shows the data arranged into different classes and
the number of cases which falls into each class.

The frequency distribution table for ungrouped data is simply an arrangement of data from
lowest to highest that shows the frequency of occurrence of each value in a set. This is best used when
the range of value is not too wide. Below is an illustration of a frequency distribution table for
ungrouped data.
Table 2

Ungrouped Frequency Distribution of Ages of 50 Students

Enrolled in Statistics

Age Frequency
14 4
15 13
16 25
17 5
18 2
19 1
N=50
Kinds of frequency distribution table

1. Relative frequency distribution table – a table which lists the relative frequency of the classes. It is also known as the
percentage distribution.

2. Cumulative frequency distribution table – a table which shows the number of cases falling below a particular value.

1. Less than cumulative frequency can be obtained by adding the individual frequencies successively starting from
the top.

2. Greater than cumulative frequency can be obtained by adding the individual frequencies successively starting
from the bottom.
 The frequency distribution for grouped data is an arrangement of data
into different classes or categories. It involves counting the data that fall into
each class.

In constructing a frequency distribution table, below are steps

suggested:

1. Decide the number of classes.

2. Determine the class width, i.
3. Unless otherwise specified, always start the lowest class with the lowest
value of the raw data in order to minimize the errors.
4. Tally the frequencies for each class, until the highest value is reached.
5. The last class interval can go beyond the highest value in the observation as
long as the obtained is followed.
Example. Below are the test scores of 60 students in Statistics

19 31 36 26 34 32
44 33 37 39 45 21
24 38 40 42 39 32
43 18 24 32 49 33
33 33 40 24 46 22
29 33 37 30 43 43
26 39 57 30 40 33
25 33 48 39 34 29
29 37 39 35 41 29
23 32 48 28 45 19

Construct a frequency distribution table of 10 classes.

1. Given: 10 classes

2. Class width, i

i = Range/10 classes = (57 – 18)/10 = 3.9 say 4

3. A.O. Start with the lowest value as the lower limit (LL) of the lowest class. Add (i -1) to the LL to
get the upper limit (UL). Therefore, the 1 st class interval is 18 – 21, 2nd class interval is 22 – 25,
and so on.

4. Tally the frequencies for each class, until the highest value is reached.

Table 3

The Grouped Frequency Distribution of the

Test Scores of 60 Students in Statistics

Class Interval
Tally Frequency
(Scores)
18 – 21 1111 4
22 – 25 1111 1 6
26 – 29 1111 11 7
30 – 33 1111 1111 1111 14
34 – 37 1111 11 7
38 – 41 1111 1111 10
42 – 45 1111 11 7
46 – 49 1111 4
50 – 53 0
54 – 57 1 1
Total (N) 60
RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Table 4

Relative Frequency Distribution of the

Test Scores of 60 Students in Statistics

Class Interval
Frequency Percentage
(Scores)
18 – 21 4 6.67
22 – 25 6 10.00
26 – 29 7 11.67
30 – 33 14 23.33
34 – 37 7 11.67
38 – 41 10 16.67
42 – 45 7 11.67
46 – 49 4 6.67
50 – 53 0 0.00
54 – 57 1 1.67
Total (N) 60 100.00
LESS THAN CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Table 5
Less Than Cumulative Frequency Distribution of the
Test Scores of 60 Students in Statistics
Class Interval Class Boundary
Frequency <cf
(Scores) (LB – UB)
18 – 21 17.5 – 21.5 4 4
22 – 25 21.5 – 25.5 6 10
26 – 29 25.5 – 29.5 7 17
30 – 33 29.5 – 33.5 14 31
34 – 37 33.5 – 37.5 7 38
38 – 41 37.5 – 41.5 10 48
42 – 45 41.5 – 45.5 7 55
46 – 49 45.5 – 49.5 4 59
50 – 53 49.5 – 53.5 0 59
54 – 57 53.5 – 57.5 1 60
Total (N) 60
GREATER THAN CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Table 6
Greater Than Cumulative Frequency Distribution of the
Test Scores of 60 Students in Statistics
Class Interval Class Boundary
Frequency >cf
(Scores) (LB – UB)
18 – 21 17.5 – 21.5 4 60
22– 25 21.5 – 25.5 6 56
26 – 29 25.5 – 29.5 7 50
30 – 33 29.5 – 33.5 14 43
34 – 37 33.5 – 37.5 7 29
38 – 41 37.5 – 41.5 10 22
42 – 45 41.5 – 45.5 7 12
46 – 49 45.5 – 49.5 4 5
50 – 53 49.5 – 53.5 0 1
54 – 57 53.5 – 57.5 1 1
Total (N) 60
GRAPHICAL METHOD

1. Bar Chart is a graph represented by either vertical or horizontal rectangles

whose bases represent the class intervals and whose heights represent the
frequencies.
2. Histogram is a graph represented by vertical or horizontal rectangles whose
bases are the class marks and whose heights are the frequencies.
3. Frequency polygon is a line graph whose bases are the class marks and whose
heights are the frequencies.
4. Pie chart is a circle graph showing the proportion of each class through either
the relative or percentage frequency.
5. Ogive is a line graph where the bases are the class boundaries and the heights
are the <cf for the less than ogive and >cf for the greater than ogive.