Introduction to
Programming
Languages:
Compilers,
Interpreters, and
Assemblers
This presentation introduces the fundamental concepts of programming
languages, exploring the roles of compilers, interpreters, and assemblers in
translating human-readable code into machine-executable instructions.
by Aaditya Thakur
What is a Programming
Language?
1 Human-Readable 2 Abstraction of
Instructions Complexity
Programming languages Programming languages
allow programmers to provide a layer of
express instructions for abstraction, hiding the
computers in a way that is intricate details of
easier for humans to hardware operations from
understand and write. programmers.
3 Variety and Purpose
Different programming languages are designed for specific
purposes and offer different strengths and weaknesses,
catering to diverse programming needs.
Difference between Compiler and Interpreter
Compiler Interpreter
Translates the entire program into machine code at once. Executes the program line by line.
Creates an executable file that can be run independently. Does not create an executable file, relying on the
interpreter to run the code.
Typically used for high-performance applications and
system software. Often preferred for scripting languages and interactive
development.
How does a Compiler work?
1 Lexical Analysis
Breaks down the code into individual tokens, like keywords,
identifiers, and operators.
2 Syntax Analysis
Checks if the code follows the grammatical rules of the programming
language.
3 Semantic Analysis
Ensures the code makes logical sense and adheres to the language's
semantic rules.
4 Code Generation
Transforms the analyzed code into machine-readable instructions,
creating an executable file.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Compilers
Advantages Disadvantages
Fast execution speed Longer compilation time
Optimized for performance Less flexibility for code modification
Suitable for large and complex programs Requires specific platform compatibility
How does an Interpreter work?
Read Code Line
The interpreter reads the source code line by line.
Analyze Line
It then analyzes the line to determine its meaning and structure.
Execute Line
The interpreter executes the analyzed line, performing the actions specified in the code.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interpreter
Advantages Disadvantages
Fast development cycle Slower execution speed
Greater flexibility for code modification Less optimized for performance
Platform-independent execution Requires the interpreter to be present
What is an Assembler?
Low-Level Language Machine Code
Translator
Assembly language is a low-
level programming language An assembler translates
that uses mnemonics to assembly language code into
represent machine machine code, which can be
instructions. directly executed by a
computer.
Hardware-Specific
Assembly language is typically specific to a particular type of
processor architecture.
Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Assemblers
Advantages Disadvantages
Direct control over hardware Difficult to write and debug
resources
Optimized for performance Highly platform-dependent
Can be used for system-level Less portable across different
programming architectures
Conclusion and Key Takeaways
Language Choice Matters
Choosing the right programming language depends on the project's specific
requirements, performance needs, and development goals.
Understanding Hardware
Having a basic understanding of computer hardware is crucial for effective
programming and optimization.
Tools for Translation
Compilers, interpreters, and assemblers are essential tools for translating human-
readable code into machine-executable instructions.
