INTRODUCTION TO Data Representation

COMPUTING Week 2
TODAY’S OUTLINE
How computer process data?
How computer stores data?
Data representation in computers
Conversion between different number systems
INTRODUCTION
A bit is a unit of information used in computing and digital
communications
A binary digit can only have one of two values “0” or “1”
Can also be represented as logical values “true” or “false” – “on” or
“off”
A binary digit can convey between zero and one bit of information
Punched cards represented encoding of discrete data, each
position of punched card carried one bit of information
DATA REPRESENTATION
Early digital computers represented numbers as decimal (base 10)
numeral system
Modern computers represent data in binary form
The number of bits that a CPU can process in one operation is
known as word size
A word is a fixed sized piece of data handled as a unit by the
instruction set or the hardware of the processor
The number of bits in a word is an important characteristic of any
specific processor design or computer architecture
For example, an 8 bit CPU can directly manipulate integers
represented by 8 bits which have a range of 256 (28) discrete
integer values
DATA REPRESENTATION
The memory locations the CPU can directly address is also
affected by the integer range of a CPU
For example, a CPU uses 32 bits to represent a memory
address than it can directly address 232 memory locations
CPUs with much larger word sizes (such as 16, 32, 64, even
128-bit) are available
Memory consists of millions of storage cells, each store one
bit of information
Each n-bit group is called word, the ‘n’ describes the word
length
Memory can be represented as collection of words
NUMBER SYSTEM
The number system has different bases and the most common of
them are the decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal.
The base or radix of the number system is the total number of the
digit used in the number system.
Suppose if the number system representing the digit from 0 – 9
then the base of the system is the 10.
NUMBER SYSTEM
Number systems are the technique to represent numbers in the
computer system architecture, every value that you are saving or
getting into/from computer memory has a defined number system.
The computer architecture supports these numbers systems
Binary causes too many bits to be used – shift from binary to octal
to hex
Hexadecimal allows to use 4x fewer bits making it useful
For example 1101 1010 is the 8 bit number which can be
expressed a lot more cleaner as equivalent to DA
Hexadecimal numbers are used for the coding of microprocessors
BINARY NUMBER
SYSTEM(0,1)
A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0 and 1. Every number
(value) represents with 0 and 1 in this number system. The base of binary
number system is 2, because it has only two digits.
Applications:
Binary is found in computer technology. All computer language and
programming is based on the 2-digit number system used in digital
encoding (is the process of taking data and representing it with discreet bits
of information).
The most common application for the binary number system can be found in
computer technology. All computer language and programming is based on
the 2-digit number system used in digital encoding. Digital encoding is the
process of taking data and representing it with discreet bits of information.
These discreet bits consist of the 0s and 1s of the binary system.
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM (0-
7)
The base of octal number system is 8, because it has only 8 digits.
Applications:
It was used as an ideal abbreviation of binary because the bit size
of the CPUs that were used at the time that being 26 and 36 bit.
The source code for Linux, mac OS and android along with other
operating systems
Binary numbers can quickly become long and hard to transcribe
without errors. Their octal equivalents are much shorter and easier
to remember, and have a straight-forward way of conversion
to/from binary.
Unix file system permissions have three sets (user, group, others)
of three bit permissions (read, write, execute), which is naturally
represented in octal.
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
SYSTEM
A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric
values from 0 to 9and A to F. Every number (value) represents
with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F in this number system. The
base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has 16
alphanumeric values.
For example, the images you see on your computer screen have
been encoded with a binary line for each pixel. If a screen is using a
16-bit code, then each pixel has been told what color to display
based on which bits are 0s and which bits are 1s. As a result, 216
represents 65,536 different colors!
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
SYSTEM
Applications:
To define locations in memory. Hexadecimals can characterize every byte
as two hexadecimal digits only compared to eight digits when using binary.
To define colors on web pages. Each primary color – red, green and blue
is characterized by two hexadecimal digits.
To represent Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. MAC addresses
consist of 12-digit hexadecimal numbers. The format being used is either
MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS or MMMM-MMSS-SSSS. The first 6 digits of the MAC
address represent the ID of the adapter manufacturer while the last 6 digits
represent the serial number of the adapter.
To display error messages. Hexadecimals are used to define the memory
location of the error. This is useful for programmers in finding and fixing
errors.
 DECIMAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
Example:
Decimal number is 41
Divide the number by 2 to
convert it into binary

The Binary conversion of number 41 is 101001

4110 = 1010012

SZABIST 12
BINARY TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
In the binary number system, the weight of each digit increases by a factor of 2 as
shown.

Therefore, converting 101100101 would be as given below

By adding together ALL the decimal number values from right to left at the positions
that are represented by a “1” gives us: (256) + (64) + (32) + (4) + (1) = 35710 or
three hundred and fifty seven as a decimal number.
SZABIST 13
 DECIMAL TO OCTAL
CONVERSION
Example:
Consider decimal number 2980
Divide the number by 8 to convert it into octal

298010 = 56448

SZABIST 14
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Consider below example;
2348 = ?10
The weight of each digit increases by a factor of 8 as shown
264 38 41 = (4*1) + (3*8) + (2*64)
= 4 + 24 +128
= 156
2348 = 15610

SZABIST 15
 DECIMAL TO HEX
CONVERSION
Example:
Decimal number is 3479
Divide the number by 16 to convert it into hex
number

13 is represented as D in Hex number system.

SZABIST 16
HEX TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Consider below example;
9C16 = __________10
The weight of each digit increases by a factor of 16 as shown
916 C1 = (C*1) + (9*16)
= (12*1)+ 144
= 12+ 144
= 156
9C16 = 15610

SZABIST 17
BINARY TO OCTAL
Consider below example for conversion:
100111002 = __________8
Divide the binary number into 3 digits pair starting from the right
as;
010 011 100
041201 041211 140201 Calculate values for 1 – on
switch
2 2+1 4

100111002= 2348

SZABIST 18
OCTAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
Consider below example for conversion:
2348 = ___________2
2 3 4

010 011 100

2348 = 100111002

SZABIST 19
BINARY TO HEX
CONVERSION
Consider below example for conversion:
100111002 = __________16
Divide the binary number into 4 digits pair starting from the right as;
1001 1100
18040211 18140201 Calculate values for 1 – on switch

8+1 8+4 100111002= 9C16

9 12
SZABIST 20
 HEX TO BINARY
CONVERSION
For any hex number to be converted into
binary find the equivalent in the chart.
ABCD16=_______2
A B C D

1010 1011 1100 1101

ABCD16=10101011110011012

SZABIST 21
HEX TO OCTAL CONVERSION
First convert hex number into binary
Then convert binary into octal
Consider this number 9C in base 16 to be converted in base 10
9 C
01001 1100

2 3 4

9C16 = 2348

SZABIST 22
 OCTAL TO HEX CONVERSION
First convert octal number into binary
Then convert binary into hex
Consider example octal number 234:
2 3 4
010 011 100

9 C

2348 = 9C16

SZABIST 23
EXERCISE
Convert the below in required base;
No. of Binary Octal Decimal Hex
questio
ns
i 100001010111 4127 2135 857
ii 111001010 712 458 1CA
iii 1011100100111 56234 23708 5C9C
00
iv 10011010 232 154 9A
v 101010010001 5221 2705 A91