BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY

Presentation on - PRESENTATION OF DATA

Under the supervision of - Dr. RAJANI MISHRA

Prepared by;
ADARSH PANDEY
M.L.I.Sc ( III
Semester )
INTRODUCTION
Presentation of data means exhibition of the
data in such a clear and attractive manner
that these are easily understood and
analyzed.
There are many tools to present such as
tables, graphs and diagrams.
TYPES OF DATA
Qualitative Quantitative
There is no notion of Can be expressed as
magnitude or size of the number with or without
characteristic, as they unit of measurement. It
can't be measured. can be measured.
Expressed as numbers Ex – Height(in cms),
without unit of Weight (in kgs)
measurements .
Ex – Religion ,Gender etc
 USES OF DATA PRESENTATION
To arrange the data in such a way that it should create
interest in the reader’s mind at the first sight.
To present the information in a compact and concise form
without losing important details.
To present the data in a simple form so as to draw the
conclusion directly by viewing at the data.

To present it in such away that it can help in further

statistical analysis .
TABLE
Systematic and logical
arrangement of data in
rows and columns.
Tabular Presentation
Most appropriate for presenting individual information,
and can present both quantitative and qualitative
information
The strength of tables is that they can accurately present
information that cannot be presented with a graph.
 Useful for summarizing and comparing quantitative
information of different variables.
TYPES OF TABLES
GRAPHICAL
PRESENTATION OF
DATA
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
 simplify complex information by using images and
emphasizing data patterns or trends useful for
summarizing, explaining, or exploring quantitative data.
effective for presenting large amounts of data, and they
can be used in place of tables to present small sets of
data .
A graph format that best presents information must be
chosen so that readers and reviewers can easily
understand the information.
HISTOGRAM
Represented by a set of rectangular bars .
 Variables is taken along the X axis and frequency along the y
axis .
 With the class intervals as base , rectangles with height
proportional to class frequency are drawn .
The set of rectangular bars so obtained gives histogram .
 The total area of the rectangles in a histogram represents
total frequency
 FREQUENCY CURVE
Variables is taken along the
X-axis and frequencies along
Y-axis.
Frequencies are plotted
against the class mid-values
and then, these points are
joined by a smooth curve.
The curve so obtained is the
frequency curve.
 Total area under the
frequency curve represents
total frequency.
FREQUENCY POLYGON
Variables is taken along the X-
axis and frequencies along the
Y-axis.
Class frequencies are plotted
against the class mid-values
and then, these points are
joined by Straight line.
 The figure so obtained is the
frequency polygon.
Total area under the
frequency curve represents
total frequency.
OGIVE
Ogive is smooth graph with cumulative frequency (cf) plotted
against values of variables (Class limits).
Class limits are taken along X-axis and cf along Y-axis.
There are 2 types of ogives –
- less than cf curve or less than ogive (<cf)
- greater than cf curve or greater than ogive (>cf).
OGIVE ( CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVES )
Less than cf curve (< ogive):
-the variables values (class limits) is taken along the X-axis and <cf
along the Y-axis. < cf are plotted against the respective Variable values.
-Then these points are joint by a smooth curve. The resulting graph is
less than ogive.
 Greater than cf curve (> ogive):
- Here, the variables values (class limits) is taken along the X-axis and
>cf along the Y-axis.
- >cf are plotted against the respective variable values. Then these
points are joint by a smooth curve. The resulting graph is greater than
ogive.
Note: The two ogives are drawn together with common axis. The points of
intersection of the two ogives gives the Median point of the distribution.
Ogives are used to locate partition values also (like median, quartiles,
deciles, percentiles ).
BAR DIAGRAM
 Bar diagram consists of a
series of rectangular bars of
equal width.
The bars stand on common
baseline with equal gap
between one bar and
another .
The bars may be either
horizontal or vertical .
 The bars are constructed in
such a way that their lengths
are proportional to the
SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM
Used to represent when
items have to be compared
with regard to a single
characteristic .
 Here the items are
represented by rectangular
bars of equal width and
height proportional to their
magnitude .
The bars are drawn on a
common base line , with
equal distance between
consecutive bars and may be
PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
To represent items whose
magnitudes have two or more
components.
The comparison of components are
expressed as percentages of the
corresponding totals .
 The totals are represented by bars
of equal width and height equal to
100 each .
 These bars are divided according
to the percentage components. The
different sub divisions are shaded
properly and an index which
describes the shades is provided .
 Percentage bars are useful in
comparing percentage components
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
When there are two or more
different comparable sets of
values , multiple bars are drawn
.
 Here sets of rectangular bars of
equal width with height
proportional to the value are
drawn .
 The bars corresponding to the
same unit are placed together
adjacent to one another .
 The diagram is shaded properly
and an index is provided
DEVIATION BAR DIAGRAM
Useful for presenting net
quantities which have both
positive and negative
values .
The positive deviatons are
presented by bars above the
baseline while negative
deviations are presented by
bars below the baseline
 SUBDIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM
Also called as component , stacked or
proportional bar diagram .
The data have items whose magnitudes
have two or more components .
 In this the items are represented by
rectangular bars of equal width and
height proportional to magnitude .
Then the bars are divided so that the
sub divisions in height represent the
components .
 To distinguish the components from
one another clearly , different shades
are applied and an index describing the
shades is provided .
Component bars are drawn when a
comparison of total magnitudes along
with the components is required
PIE DIAGRAM
Presenting discrete data of qualitative characteristics such as
blood groups, RH factor, age group, cause of mortality or
social group in a population etc .
The frequencies of the groups are shown in a circle .
 Degrees of angle denote the frequency and area of the sector
.
 Size of each angle is calculated by multiplying the
frequency/total frequency by 360 .
 It is also used for data that have no other way of being
represented aside from a table
PIE CHART SHOWING POPULATION OF SEVERAL STATES
CONCLUSION
Understanding how to classify the different types
of variables and how to present them in tables or
graphs is an essential stage for epidemiological
research in all areas of knowledge.
REFERENCES
CLASS-XI- NCERT ECONOMICS & NIOS ECONOMICS
STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – TR JAIN & VK OHRI
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/7510/1/Unit-6.p
df
UNIT 7 DATA PRESENTATION
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/11213/1/Unit-7.
pdf