Database and Database

Management System
Data is defined as a collection of facts and figures
that can be recorded and has implicit meaning.

A database is a collection of connected

information about people, locations, or things.

A database management system (DBMS) is a

collection of programs that allow you to create,
manage, and operate a database.
Properties of Database:
• A database represents some aspects of the real world.
• A database is a logically coherent collection of data with
some inherent meaning.
• A random assortment of data cannot be termed as
database.
• A database is designed, built and populated with data for
a specific purpose. It has an intended group of users and
preconceived applications in which these users are
interested.
Components of Database:
1. Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical, electronic devices such as
computers and hard disks that offer the interface between
computers and real-world systems.

2. Software
Software is a set of programs used to manage and control
the database and includes the database software, operating
system, network software used to share the data with other
users, and the applications used to access the data.
3. Data
Data are raw facts and information that need to be organized and
processed to make it more meaningful. Database dictionaries are
used to centralize, document, control, and coordinate the use of
data within an organization. A database is a repository of
information about a database (also called metadata).

4. Procedures
Procedures refer to the instructions used in a database
management system and encompass everything from instructions to
setup and install, login and logout, manage the day-to-day
operations, take backups of data, and generate reports.
5. Database Access Language
Database Access Language is a language used to write commands
to access, update, and delete data stored in a database.

Users can write commands using Database Access Language

before submitting them to the database for execution.

Through utilizing the language, users can create new databases,

tables, insert data, and delete data.
Types of Databases:
Traditional Database:
• Textual or numeric in nature.
Geographic Information System:
• Maps, weather data, satellite images.
Multimedia Database:
• Pictures, video clips, sound messages.
Data Warehouses and Online Analytical Processing:
• Integration of data and for decision making.
Real Time and Active Database:
• Controlling industrial and manufacturing processes.
Database Applications:

• Banking: all transactions

• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Universities: registration, grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
• Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders,
supply chain

• Human resources: employee records,

salaries, tax deductions

Databases touch all aspects of our lives.

 Database Management System
(DBMS)
• A DBMS is a collection of programs
that allow you to create, manage, and
operate a database.
DBMS consists of:

• Collection of interrelated data

• Set of programs to access the data

The main goal is to provide an environment that

is both convenient and efficient to use.
DBMS provides for:
• Definition of structure for the storage of data.

• Provision of mechanisms for manipulating information.

• Safety of information in case of system crash or

unauthorized access.

• Concurrency control in case of multi user environment.

DBMS facilitates for:

• Defining a database;

• Constructing a database;

• Manipulating a database.
Purpose of Database Systems:
• In the early days, database applications were built directly
on top of file systems.

What is a File System?

• In file system permanent records are stored in various
files and different application programs are written to
extract records from, and to add records to, the
appropriate files.
Drawbacks of file systems to store data:
1. Data redundancy and inconsistency:
• Multiple file formats,
• Programs in multiple programming languages,
• duplication of information in different files,
• data inconsistencies.

2. Difficulty in accessing data:

• Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
• Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
3. Data isolation:
• Data scattered in multiple files.
• multiple files and formats
• Difficult to write new application program to retrieve data.

4. Integrity problems:
• Consistency Constraints
• Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance >1000)
become “buried” in program code rather than being stated
explicitly
Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
Concurrent access by multiple users:

Atomicity of updates:

• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with

partial updates carried out.

• Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another

should either complete or not happen at all.

• Difficult to ensure this property in file system.

Concurrent access by multiple users:
• Concurrent access needed for performance.
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies.
• Example: Two people reading a balance and updating it at
the same time.
Security problems:
• Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
Database systems offer solutions to all the above
problems.
Main Characteristics of Database Technology:
• Self-contained nature of a database system:
• A DBMS catalog stores the description of the database.
The description is called meta-data). This allows the
DBMS software to work with different databases.
• Insulation between programs and data:
• This is called program-data independence. Allows
changing data storage structures and operations without
having to change the DBMS access programs.
Data Abstraction:
• A data model is used to hide storage details and present
the users with a conceptual view of the database.

Support of multiple views of the data:

• Each user may see a different view of the database,
which describes only the data of interest to that user.

Sharing of data:

Multi-user transaction Processing:

Additional Benefits of Database Technology:

Controlling redundancy in data storage.

- Sharing of data among multiple users.

- Restricting unauthorized access to data.
- Providing multiple interfaces to different classes of users.
- Representing complex relationships among data.
- Enforcing integrity constraints on the database.
- Providing backup and recovery services.

- Potential for enforcing standards.

- Flexibility to change data structures.

- Reduced application development time.

Availability of up-to-date information.

Economies of scale.
Users of Database:
1. Database Administrators:

• authorizing access to database,

• Coordinating & monitoring database use,
• Acquiring software & hardware resources as needed,
• Accountable for breach of security or poor system
response time.
2. Database Designers:
• Identify data to be stored in db,

• Select appropriate structure for storing data,

• Communicate with all users and understand their

requirements,

• Design a database that meets user requirements.

End Users:
1. Casual End Users:
• Occasionally access a db,
• Needs different information each time,
• Use sophisticated database query language.
E.g. middle or high level managers.

2. Naïve or Parametric End Users:

• Constantly query and update the database,
• E.g. Bank tellers, Railway reservation clerks etc.
3. Sophisticated End Users:
• Users who use database to meet complex requirements.

E.g. Engineers, scientists, business analysts.

4. Stand alone Users:

• Use readymade program package to interact with
database.
System Analyst & Application Programmers:

System analyst determine the requirements of end users;

Application programmers implement these specifications

as programs.
• Both are called software engineers.

Operators & Maintenance Personnel:

• Responsible for the actual running and maintenance of
H/W & S/W environment for the database system.
Importance of a Database

1. Data Storage and Retrieval

Databases provide a structured and organized way to store
and access large amounts of data. It enable query
performance optimization, ensuring that queries are
executed in the most efficient manner possible.

This optimization improves the speed and efficiency of data

retrieval, enhancing overall system performance.
 2. Data Organization and Structuring

• By organizing data in a systematic manner, businesses can ensure efficient

storage and retrieval of information. Structuring data also allows for easier
analysis and reporting, enabling businesses to make informed decisions.

• Additionally, proper data organization enhances data integrity and ensures

the accuracy and consistency of stored information

• A well-structured database provides a solid foundation for scalable and

performant applications. It also facilitates the integration of data from various
sources, enabling businesses to create a unified view of their information.
• Furthermore, data organization plays a vital role in
ensuring data privacy and protecting sensitive
information from unauthorized access. By implementing
appropriate security measures, businesses can
safeguard customer data and maintain their trust.
3. Data Security and Privacy
• Data security and privacy are of utmost importance. With the
increasing amount of data being stored and shared, it is crucial to
have robust database systems that can protect sensitive
information from unauthorized access.

• One such database system that provides strong security features

is MariaDB. It offers advanced encryption techniques and access
control mechanisms to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of
data.
• Organizations can implement data masking and auditing
functionalities to further enhance security. Protecting customer
information and complying with data protection regulations are
essential for building trust and maintaining a good reputation in
the market.

• Ensuring data security and privacy is a top priority for businesses

in today's digital landscape.
The Impact of Databases on Business Operations

1. Efficient Data Processing- DB plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth

and efficient processing of data, ensuring data integrity, and optimizing
database performance.

2.Streamlined Decision Making - Databases provide structured and organized

data, making it easier for decision-makers to identify patterns and trends.

Data security measures implemented in databases ensure that sensitive

information is protected, maintaining the privacy of both customers and the
organization.
3. Improved Customer Relationship Management

Customer relationship management (CRM) plays a crucial role in

driving success. With the help of databases, businesses can
efficiently store and manage customer data, allowing for
personalized marketing campaigns and targeted communication.

Databases enable businesses to track customer interactions,

analyze buying patterns, and identify opportunities for innovation.
The Advantages of Databases in Application Development

1. Data Consistency and Integrity- Ensuring that data is accurate, up-

to-date, and reliable is essential for the smooth operation of any application.
Regular data backups and disaster recovery plans contribute to data
consistency and integrity.

2. Scalability and Performance

Scalability refers to the ability of a database to handle increasing amounts of

data and user requests without sacrificing performance. It allows businesses to
accommodate growth and adapt to changing needs.
Performance relates to the speed and efficiency of data processing
and retrieval. A well-designed and optimized database ensures that
operations are executed quickly and accurately.

Data is constantly growing, databases play a crucial role in enabling

digital transformation.

They provide the foundation for businesses to store, manage, and

analyze vast amounts of data, driving innovation and strategic
decision-making.
3. Simplified Data Integration
It allows for seamless and efficient communication between different
systems and applications, enabling organizations to consolidate and
integrate data from various sources.

By streamlining the integration process, databases facilitate the

flow of information, ensuring data consistency and enabling real-
time access to accurate and up-to-date data.

This enables organizations to make data-driven decision making

and gain valuable insights for strategic planning and operational
efficiency.