MAS 355: Communication and

Information Systems in
Organizations
Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)
Professor John F. Clark
Evolution of Cellular Telephony
• The concept: use of low-power transmitters so that
frequencies can be reused within a geographic area
• Originated at Bell Labs in the early 1970s
• First commercial service offered in the Nordic
countries in 1981
• Began in the U.S. in 1983 with Advanced Mobile
Phone Service (AMPS)
• AMPS was adopted in Asia & Latin America
 Analog vs. Digital
• Early cellular systems were analog
– Couldn’t handle growing capacity demands in a
cost effective way
• The welcome advantages of digital technology
– Ease of signaling
– Lower levels of interference
– Integration of transmission and switching
– Increased ability to meet capacity demands
 Definition of GSM
• GSM is a globally accepted standard for
digital cellular communication
• It’s also the name of a standardization group
founded in 1982 to create a common mobile
telephone standard in Europe.
• This group was among the first to choose a
digital standard over an analog standard
• Original system operated at 900 Mhz.
 Development of GSM
• The GSM standard is designed to establish
compatibility among competing standards
• GSM group decisions and milestones:
– Committed to digital standard in 1985
– Field tested in 1986
– Chose narrowband (TDMA) system in 1987
– Preoperation system set up in 1990
– First commercial roll-out in 1991
– Progressive coverage from cities to rural areas 1992-1995
 The GSM Network
• GSM provides recommendations only
– Defines functions and interfaces in detail
– Does not address hardware to limit developers
as little as possible
• GSM is composed of three major systems:
– The switching system (SS)
– The base station system (BSS)
– The operation and support system (OSS)
 The Switching System
• Performs call processing and subscriber-related
functions
• The system includes the following functional units:
– Home Location Register (HLR)
– Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
– Visitor Location Register (VLR)
– Authentication Center (AUC)
– Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 Home Location Register
• The HLR is the most important database
– Storage and management of subscriptions
– Permanent data includes
• Subscriber’s service profile
• Subscriber’s location information
• Subscriber’s activity status
– Subscribing to a particular provider’s service
registers you in the HLR of that provider
Mobile Services Switching Center
• The MSC performs the telephony switching
functions of the network
– Controls calls to and from other telephone and
data systems
– Also performs functions such as:
• Toll ticketing
• Network interfacing
• Common channel signaling
 Visitor Location Register
• The VLR contains temporary data about
visiting (roaming) subscribers
– It’s always integrated with the MSC
– When a roamer enters the service area the VLR
queries the appropriate HLR
– If a roamer makes a call the VLR will already
have the information it needs for call setup
 Authentication Center
• The AUC verifies the identity of the user
and ensures the confidentiality of each call
– By providing authentication and encryption
parameters for each call
– Protects network operators from fraud
– Assures a certain level of security for the
content of each call
 Equipment Identity Register
• The EIR is a database that includes info
solely about the identity of mobile equipment
– Prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or
defective mobile stations
– The AUC and the EIR can be implemented as
stand-alone nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR
node
 The Base Station System (BBS)
• All radio-related functions performed in BBS
• The Base Station Controller (BSC)
– Is a high-capacity switch
– Provides all control functions and physical links between
the MSC and the BTS
– A group of BSCs is served by an MSC
• The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
– Handles the radio interface to the mobile unit
– Consists of tranceivers and cell antennas
– A group of BTSs is controlled by a BSC
 Operation and Support Center
• Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
– is connected with all the equipment in the
switching center and to the BSC
– Network operation monitors and controls the
system
– Provides centralized cost-effective support
– Provides a network overview at any moment
– Supports maintenance and operational activities
for different organizations and groups
 Other Functional Elements
• Message Center (MXE) – handles voice, fax, and
data messaging
• Mobile Service Node (MSN) – handles mobile
intelligent network (IN) services
• Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center
(GMSC) – an MSC with a gateway that
interconnects two networks
• GSM Interworking Unit (GIWU) – hardware and
software that enables both voice and data
 GSM Network Areas
• In order of increasing geographic size:
– Cell – the area covered by one BTS – a number
of these make up a:
– Location Area (LA) – a group of cells – a group
of LAs makes up an:
– MSC/VLR service area – area covered by one
MSC – a number of these make up the:
– Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) service
area– one operator’s network
 GSM Specifications
• Frequency range: 1,850 to 1,990 MHz
• Duplex distance: 80 MHz
• Channel separation: 200 kHz
• Modulation: Gaussian minimum shift keying
• Transmission rate: 270 kbps over the air
• Access method: Time Division Multiple Access
• Speech coder: Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) at 13
kbps – filter reduces the bit rate
 GSM Subscriber Services
• There are two basic types of service
– Telephony (teleservices): mainly voice services
(including terminal equipment) for
communicating with other subscribers –
includes fax, paging, voice mail, and
alphanumeric services
– Data (bearer services): capacity to transmit
appropriate data signals between two access
points creating an interface to the network
 Supplementary Services
• The following are the usual revenue generators
– Call forwarding
– Barring outgoing calls
– Advice of Charge (AoC)
– Call hold (for telephony only)
– Call waiting
– Multiparty service (for telephony only)
– Calling line identification presentation/restriction
– Closed user groups (CUGs)
 Where is GSM Today?
• It’s 4G LTE
• It’s the basis for over 90% of the world’s cell
phone technology, about 86% in the U.S.
• Supports download peak rates of 300 mbs
and upload rates of 75 mbs.
• Operates in the 1.4 Mhz to 20 Mhz range.
• Latency may be as low as five milliseconds
 What is the future of GSM?
• 5G is on the horizon
• And that means the eventual end of 4G LTE
and thus GSM
• 4G LTE began in about 2009-2010
• New advances take place about ten years
• But 4G LTE with be with us for significant
number of years due to slow roll-out and
adoption of 5G