Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Introduction

Engr. Said Nabi

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Introduction: Course Instructor

Introduction: Course Instructor
Education:
BSSE: UoM
MSSE: Comsats University Isamabad
Speciallization: e-Commerce Development,
MS Thesis: e-Commerce Product Recommendadtion Using Machine
Learning Algorithms

Practicle Experience:
Working as Freelancer since 2016
Become TRS in 2020 on Fiverr
Completed over 800+ Projects with 500+ 5 stars reviews
Created a store for my Client, made $100k sales a month

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Instructor
Email: [email protected]
Webpage: https://tecplace.net/
Office: NAB 2nd Floor, S22
Telephone Extension: 2154
Office Hours:
Monday/Thursday 9:00 AM - 4:00 PM

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Course TA
• Still to be assigned

• Never hesitate to contact TA or me whenever you have some

problem

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Books
Text books:
• Paul J. Deitel and Harvey M. Dietel, “ C++20 for Programmers ”, 9th Edition,
Deitel & Associates, Inc. (2022)

Reference books:
• Chakraborty, U., Banerjee, A., Saha, J. K., Sarkar, N., & Chakraborty, C. (Eds.).
(2022). Artificial intelligence and the fourth industrial revolution. CRC Press.

• Parsons, J. J. (2022). New Perspectives Computer Concepts Comprehensive.

Cengage Learning.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Dishonesty, Plagiarism in Quizzes, Assignments

• All individuals involved in any kind of cheating in any exam,

quiz, assignment or project will get -50% score.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Attendance
• Students are required to attend 100% classes of courses
registered and can not abstain from even a single class.

• For circumstances beyond their control, students must apply

for leave on prescribed Leave Application form.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Tentative Evaluation Breakdown

Assignments (8) 10
Quizzes (8) 10
Term Project (1) 15
Midterm (1) 20
Final (1) 45

Total 100

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Course Execution
• 2 lectures of one hour every week
• 1 lab of three hours every week (CS 101 L)
• Course contents at CMS/LMS

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Some Rules
• There is only one rule that will make the rest of the rules
– Raise your hand before asking any question and then WAIT for the
permission
– Never ever miss a class
– Never ever “sleep” in the class
– Never even think to use mobile phones in the class
– Always communicate in the official communication language

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Class Rules [1/2]

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Class Rules [2/2]

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Motivation
• Only 1 of 2 programming courses
out of approx. 40 courses

• Core of core of computer science

• Excellent Programming = Excellent

chances of good job

• Remember practice makes a

person “perfect”.
– Same goes for programming.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Course Outline
Lecture 01. Modern Computer, Data Representation in Computer
Lecture 02. Data Representation in Computer
Lecture 03. Artificial intelligence and the computer learning, Software and hardware for AI-based systems
Lecture 04. Basics of natural language processing and its applications
Lecture 05. Algorithms, Flowcharts, Pseudocode, Memory Concepts, Athematic operators
Lecture 06. Types of Programming Languages (for desktop, web, mobile, and others)
Lecture 07. Variables in C++ and basis I/O operations
Lecture 08. Programming logic development and case studies
Lecture 09. C++ control structures
Lecture 09. Control Structures: If Selection Statement
Lecture 10. Control Structures: If……..Else Selection Statement
Lecture 11. Nested Control Structures
Lecture 12. Switch Multiple Selection Statement, Increment Decrement Operator
Lecture 13. The Essential of Repetition: Counter-Controlled Repetition
Lecture 14. The Essential of Repetition: Sentinel-Control Repetition
Lecture 15.While Repetition Statement, do….while Repetition Statement
Lecture 16. For Repetition Statement
Lecture 17. Break and Continue Statement
Lecture 18. Functions: Definition, Prototypes, Calling
Lecture 19. Call by Value
Lecture 20. Call by Reference
Lecture 21. Random Number Generation
Lecture 22. Storage Classes, Scope Rules
Lecture23. Arrays Declaration
Lecture 24. Arrays Examples
Lecture 25. Passing Arrays to Functions
Lecture 26. Searching Arrays
Lecture 27. Pointers
Lecture 28.Passing Pointers as Function Parameters
Lecture 29. Library Functions
Lecture 30. Header Files

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Computers Today

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

A Tool for Communication

Social Networking

Searching
e-mail

Blog
Chat

Content Sharing
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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

A Tool for Entertainment

Multimedi
a

Games
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi
Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Computer Revolution !
Mars
Rover

Flight
Simulator
Google Wearable Computer
Servers

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Computer
• We know how to use a computer

• We have an idea where it stands today

• YOU have to contribute towards its future !

• Now let’s look at what it is and the modest beginnings from

where it evolved !

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

What is a Computer (-1-)

• A computer is a machine that

– inputs (takes in) facts and information (known as data*)
– then processes (does something to or with) it
– can also store data
– afterwards it outputs, or displays, the results for you to see

* Data is all kinds of information, including,

pictures, letters, numbers, and sounds

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

What is a Computer (-2-)

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

What is a Computer (-3-)

• The defining feature of modern computers which

distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can
be programmed
– a list of instructions (the program) can be given to the computer
e.g.,
– add one number to another
– move some data from one location to another
– send a message to some external device, etc
– it will store them (in memory)
– and carry them out (execute) some time in future
– Usually in the same order in which the instructions were given

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-1-)

• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in

1613
– referring to a person who carried out calculations, or
computations !

• The word continued to be used in that sense until the

middle of the 20th century
– before modern electronic computers were developed

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-2-)

• The history of the modern computer begins with two separate
technologies
– Automated Calculation
– Programmability

• Early computers were mechanical calculating devices such

as
– Abacus, 3000 B.C
– Slide rule

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-3-)

Chinese Abacus: for performing arithmetic processes

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-4-)

Slide Rule: for performing multiplication, division, computing

roots, logarithms, trigonometric functions
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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-5-)

• ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer -
was the first general-purpose electronic computer developed
around 1946
• operated at 5 kIPS [thousand instructions per second]
» Today's desktops can perform 10000+ MIPS
• weighed 30 tons (Equals weight of an average Asian
elephant)
• size was roughly 8.5 x 3 x 80 feet
• contained around 5 million hand-soldered joints
• consumed 150 kW of power; enough to dim the lights of
Peshawar when it was run!
– Input was given from an IBM card reader
– An IBM card punch was used for output

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-6-)

Working
on,
rather
‘inside’ ,
ENIAC

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-7-)

IBM Punch Card: Programs and data were punched by hand or

a key-punch-machine and read into a card reader

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Four kind of Computers

1 Microcomputers
– These are the most widely used and the fastest-growing type of
computers. There are two major categories:
– Desktop Computers are small enough to fit on top or along the
side of a desk and yet are too big to carry around.
• Personal Computers
• Workstations
– Portable Computers are small enough and light enough to move
easily from one place to another.
• Laptops: 10-16 pounds in weight
• Notebooks: 5-10 pounds in weight
• Subnotebooks: 2-6 pounds in weight
• Personal Digital Assistants: Also known as palmtop
computers and handheld PCs. They combine pen input,
writing recognition and communication capabilities

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

2 Minicomputers
 They are desk size machines.
 They fall between microcomputers and mainframe computers
in their processing speeds and data-storing capabilities.
 They might be used for research or monitoring a particular
manufacturing process.
 Smaller companies have been using minicomputers for their
data processing needs such as accounting/billing systems.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

3 Mainframe Computers
 These are large computers.
 They are capable of great processing speeds and data-
storing.
 They are used by large organizations – business, banks,
government agencies etc – to handle millions of transactions.
 For example, airline companies use mainframe computers to
process information about millions of travelers.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

4 Supercomputers
 The most powerful type of computer is the supercomputer.
 These machines are special, high-capacity computers used by
very large organizations.
 For example, NASA uses supercomputers to track and control
space explorations.
 Supercomputers are also used for oil exploration, simulations
and worldwide weather forecasting.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Five Parts of an Information System

1. People 4. Hardware
2. Procedures 5. Data
3. Software

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

People
• Most important part of any system
• Contact is …
– Direct
– Indirect
• Computer uses
– Business & Entertainment
– Education & Medicine

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Software
• Programs
• Two major kinds of software
– System Software
– Application Software

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

System Software
• A collection of programs
• Enables the application software to interact with the
hardware
• Background software that helps the computer manage its
own resources

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Application Software

• “End-user” software
• Two major categories
– General purpose
– Special purpose

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Hardware

• Equipment that processes the data

• Controlled by software
• Physical devices
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Monitor
– Other devices

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Types of Computers
• Supercomputers
• Mainframe computers
• Minicomputers
• Microcomputers

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Supercomputers
High capacity
Used by very large organizations
Tracking space
Tracking weather

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Mainframe Computers
• Occupies specially wired, air-conditioned rooms
• Capable of great processing speeds and data storage
• Not as powerful as supercomputers

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Minicomputers
• Known as midrange computers
• Used by medium-size companies
• Used by departments of large companies

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Microcomputers
• Least powerful
• Widely used
• Four types of Microcomputers

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Four Types of Microcomputers

• Desktop
• Notebook or laptop Desktop Notebook
• Tablet PC
• Handheld

Handheld Tablet PC

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Desktop Computers
• Are small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk yet
are too big to carry around

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Notebook or Laptop Computers

• Notebook, also known as laptop computers, are portable,
lightweight, and fit into most briefcases

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Tablet PC
• Is a type of notebook computer that accepts your
handwriting. This input is digitized and converted to
standard text that can be further processed by programs
such as a word processor.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Handheld
• Are the smallest and are also known as palm computers.
These systems typically combine pen input, writing
recognition, personal organizational tools, and
communications capabilities.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Microcomputer Hardware
• System unit
• Input/output devices
• Secondary storage
• Communications

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Data
• Raw, unprocessed facts
• Processing creates information
• Stored electronically in files
– Document files
– Worksheet files
– Database files  Presentation

– Presentation files
 Database

 Worksheet

 Document

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Document Files
• Created by word processors to save documents such as
memos, term papers,
and letters

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Worksheet Files
• Created by electronic spreadsheets to analyze things like
budgets and to predict sales

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Database Files
• Typically created by database management programs to
contain highly structured and organized data

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Presentation Files
• Created by presentation graphics programs to save
presentation materials. For example, a file might contain
audience handouts, speaker notes, and electronic slides.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Connectivity, the Wireless Revolution, and

the Internet
• Connectivity
– Sharing of information
– Wireless communication is becoming popular
• Computer networks
– Connected communication system of computers
– Largest network is the Internet

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Knowledge Foundation

Being Computer Competent means using and

understanding Information Technology (IT)

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Some Important IT Developments

• The Internet & the Web
• Powerful software & hardware
• Privacy & security
• Organizations
• Changing Times

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Do you know GIKI has a super computer?

• The facility consists of 160 CPU Cores,
• 1024 GPU Cores
• 640 GB RAM
For details: http://www.giki.edu.pk/Documents/HPCManual.pdf

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

The future of computers predicted in the past

• I think there is a world market for maybe

five computers.
-- Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943

• Computers in the future may weigh no

more than 1.5 tons.
-- Popular Mechanics, 1949

• There is no reason anyone would want a

computer in their home.
--Ken Olson, CEO, Digital Equipment Corp., 1977

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

By the way, Einstein (1879-1955) never said this 

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

References
• http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Computing_Using_
Windows

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer
• http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/teaching/cs4/summ
er.08/notes/historyofcomputing/
• http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html
• http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL-e-h.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi