UNIT -III

Magneto Statics

1
 Syllabus Overview (Magneto Statics)

Biot-Savart Law
 Ampere’s Circuital Law and Applications
Magnetic Flux Density
Maxwell’s Two Equations for Magnetostatic Fields
 Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials
 Forces due to Magnetic Fields
Ampere’s Force Law
 Inductances and Magnetic Energy

2
Introduction
Introduction

 Stationary charges  electrostatic fields

 Steady currents  magnetostatic fields
 Time varying currents  electromagnetic fields
or waves

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 Biot – Savart Law
Biot - Savart law is used to calculate the magnetic field due
to a current carrying conductor.

According to this law, the magnitude of the magnetic field at

any point P due to a small current element I.dl ( I = current
through the element, dl = length of the element) is,
Y

Idl sin   0 Idl sin  I

dB  dB  .
r2 4 r2 B
I.dl C
A  r dB
 0 idl r
dB  . P

4 r3
X
Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields:

The law asserts that the net magnetic flux FB

through any closed Gaussian surface is zero.
Here B is the magnetic field.
Physical Interpretation of the Terms
in Poynting’s Theorem (Cont’d)
 Recall
that the electric energy
density is given by
1
we   E 2

 Recall
that the magnetic energy
density is given by
1

wm   H 2

2
6
 Two- and Three-Dimensional Currents
On a surface that carries uniform surface current
density K [A/m], the current within width b is

..and so the differential current quantity that

appears in the Biot-Savart law becomes:

The magnetic field arising from a current

sheet is thus found from the two-dimensional
form of the Biot-Savart law:
In a similar way, a volume current will be made up
of three-dimensional current elements, and so the Biot-Savart
law for this case becomes:
 Example of the Biot-Savart Law
In this example, we evaluate the magnetic field intensity on the y axis
(equivalently in the xy plane) arising from a filament current of infinite
length in on the z axis.
Using the drawing, we identify:

and so..

so that:
 Example: continued

We now have:

Integrate this over the entire wire:

after carrying out the cross product

 Example: concluded

Evaluating the integral:

we have:

Current is into the page.

Magnetic field streamlines are
concentric circles, whose
finally:
magnitudes decrease as the
inverse distance from the z axis
 Field Arising from a Finite Current Segment
In this case, the field is to be found in the xy plane at Point 2.
The Biot-Savart integral is taken over the wire length:

after a few additional steps (see Problem 7.8), we find:

 Another Example: Magnetic Field from a
Current Loop

onsider a circular current loop of radius a in the x-y plane, which

arries steady current I. We wish to find the magnetic field strength
nywhere on the z axis.
We will use the Biot-Savart Law:

where:
 Example: Continued
Substituting the previous expressions, the Biot-Savart Law becomes:

arry out the cross products to find:

must include the angle dependence in the radial

ector:

with this substitution, the radial component will

integrate to zero, meaning that all radial
components will cancel on the z axis.
 Example: Continued

ow, only the z component remains, and the integral

valuates easily:

Note the form of the numerator: the product of

he current and the loop area. We define this as
he magnetic moment:
 Ampere’s Circuital Law
Ampere’s Circuital Law states that the line integral of H about any
closed path is exactly equal to the direct current enclosed by that path.

In the figure at right, the integral of H about closed paths a and b gives
the total current I, while the integral over path c gives only that portion
of the current that lies within c
Ampere’s Law Applied to a Long Wire
Symmetry suggests that H will be
circular, constant-valued at constant
radius, and centered on the current (z)
axis.
Choosing path a, and integrating H aroun
the circle of radius  gives the enclose

current, I:

so that: as before.
 Magnetic Field Arising from a Current Sheet
For a uniform plane current in the y direction, we expect an x-directed H field
from symmetry. Applying Ampere’s circuital law to the path we find:

or

In other words, the magnetic field is discontinuous across the curren

sheet by the magnitude of the surface current density.
 Magnetic Field Arising from a Current Sheet

er path is elevated to the line between and , the same current is enclosed an

from which we conclude that

d is constant in each region (above and below the current plane)

By symmetry, the field above the

sheet must be the same in
magnitude as the field below the
sheet. Therefore, we may state that

and
Magnetic Field Arising from a Current Sheet
The actual field configuration is shown below, in which
magnetic field above the current sheet is equal in
magnitude, but in the direction opposite to the field below
the sheet.
The field in either region is found
by the cross product:

where aN is the unit vector that is

normal to the current sheet, and
that points into the region in
which the magnetic field is to be
evaluated.
Magnetic Field Arising from Two Current Sheets
Here are two parallel currents, equal and opposite, as you
would find in a parallel-plate transmission line. If the sheets
are much wider than their spacing, then the magnetic field will
be contained in the region between plates, and will be nearly
zero outside. Hx2 (z > d/2 ) These fields cancel for
Hx1 (z > d/2 ) current sheets of
infinite width.
K1 = -Ky ay
These fields are
Hx1 (-d /2 < z < d/2 )
equal and add to
Hx2 (-d /2 < z < d/2 ) give
K2 = -Ky ay H = K x aN (-d/2 < z < d/2 )
where K is either K1 or K2
Hx1 (z < -d/2 ) These fields cancel for
Hx2 (z < -d/2 ) current sheets of
infinite width.
 Current Loop Field

ing the Biot-Savart Law, we previously found the magnetic

ld on the z axis from a circular current loop:

We will now use this result as a

building block to construct the
magnetic field on the axis of
a solenoid -- formed by a stack
of identical current loops,
centered on the z axis.
Application of Ampere’s Law
Applying Ampere’s Law to the rectangular path shown below
leads to the following:

Where allowance is made for the existence of a

radial H component,
Radial Path Segments
The radial integrals will now cancel, because they are oppositely-
directed, and because in the long coil,
is not expected to differ between the two radial path segments.
 Ampere’s Circuital Law can be applied to a toroid by taking a closed loop integral
Ampere’s Law as Applied to a Toroid
around the circular contour C at radius Magnetic field H is presumed to be
circular,
and a function of radius only at locations within the toroid that are not too close to
the
individual windings. Under this condition, we would assume:

roximation improves as the density of turns gets higher

ore turns with finer wire).
mpere’s Law now takes the form:

so that….

orming the same integrals over contours drawn

he regions or will
d to zero magnetic field there, because no current
nclosed in either case.
 Surface Current Model of a Toroid
Consider a sheet current molded into a doughnut shape, as shown.
The current density at radius crosses the xy plane in the z
direction and is given in magnitude by Ka
pere’s Law applied to a circular contour C inside the
id (as in the previous example) will take the form:

leading to…

inside the toroid…. and the field is

zero outside as before.
 Ampere’s Law as Applied to a Small Closed Loop.

Consider magnetic field H evaluated at the point shown in the figure.

We can approximate the field over the closed path 1234 by making
appropriate adjustments in the value of H along each segment.

The objective is to take the closed path integral

and ultimately obtain the point form of Ampere’s Law.
 Curl in Rectangular Coordinates
Assembling the results of the rectangular loop integration
exercise, we find the vector field
that comprises curl H:

An easy way to calculate this is to evaluate the

following determinant:

which we see is equivalent to the cross product of the del

operator with the field:
Curl in Other Coordinate Systems

…a little more complicated!

Look these up as needed….

 Another Maxwell Equation

It has just been demonstrated that:

…..which is in fact one of Maxwell’s equations for static fields:

This is Ampere’s Circuital Law in point form.

 ….and Another Maxwell Equation
already know that for a static electric field:

This means that: (applies to a static electric field)

Recall the condition for a conservative field: that is, its closed path integral
is zero everywhere.
Therefore, a field is conservative if it has zero curl at all points over which
the field is defined.
 Stokes’ Theorem
w take our previous result, and take the limit as

In the limit, this side

becomes the path integral
of H over the outer perimeter
In the limit, this side
becomes the integral
of the curl of H over
.
because all interior paths surface S
cancel

The result is Stokes’ Theorem

This is a valuable tool to have at our disposal, because it gives

us two ways to evaluate the same thing!
 Obtaining Ampere’s Circuital Law in Integral Form,
using Stokes’ Theorem

Begin with the point form of Ampere’s Law for static fields:

Integrate both sides over surface S:

which the far right hand side is found from the left hand side
ng Stokes’ Theorem. The closed path integral is taken around the
meter of S. Again, note that we use the right-hand convention in
osing the direction of the path integral.
e center expression is just the net current through surface S,
we are left with the integral form of Ampere’s Law:
 Magnetic Flux and Flux Density
We are already familiar with the concept of electric flux:

Coulombs

in which the electric flux density in free space is:

and where the free space permittivity is

similar way, we can define the magnetic flux in units of Webers (Wb):

Webers

in which the magnetic flux density (or

magnetic induction) in free space is:
and where the free space permeability is
This is a defined quantity, having to do with the definition of
the ampere (we will explore this later).
A Key Property of B
If the flux is evaluated through a closed surface, we have in the case
of electric flux, Gauss’ Law:

If the same were to be done with magnetic flux

density, we would find:

The implication is that (for our purposes) there are no magnetic

charges -- specifically, no point sources of magnetic field exist. A hint
of this has already been observed, in that magnetic field lines always
close on themselves.
Another Maxwell Equation
We may rewrite the closed surface integral of B using the
divergence theorem, in which the right hand integral is taken
over the volume surrounded by the closed surface:

Because the result is zero, it follows that

This result is known as Gauss’ Law for the

magnetic field in point form.
 Maxwell’s Equations for Static Fields
We have now completed the derivation of Maxwell’s equations for no time
variation. In point form, these are:

Gauss’ Law for the electric field

Conservative property of the static electric field

Ampere’s Circuital Law

Gauss’ Law for the Magnetic Field

Significant changes in the

above four equations will
where, in free space: occur when the fields are
allowed to vary with time, as
we’ll see later.
Maxwell’s Equations in Large Scale Form
The divergence theorem and Stokes’ theorem can be applied to
the previous four point form equations to yield the integral
form of Maxwell’s equations for static fields:

Gauss’ Law for the electric field

Conservative property of the

static electric field

Ampere’s Circuital Law

Gauss’ Law for the

magnetic field
Example: Magnetic Flux Within a Coaxial Line
Consider a length d of coax, as shown here. The magnetic
field strength between conductors is:

and so:

The magnetic flux is now the integral

of B over the flat surface between radii
B d a and b, and of length d along z:

The result is:

The coax line thus “stores” this amount of magnetic flux in the
region between conductors. This will have importance when we
discuss inductance in a later lecture.
 Scalar Magnetic Potential
We are already familiar with the relation between the
scalar electric potential and electric field:

is tempting to define a scalar magnetic potential such that:

rule must be consistent with Maxwell’s equations, so therefore:

But the curl of the gradient of any function is identically zero!

Therefore, the scalar magnetic potential is valid only in regions
where the current density is zero (such as in free space).
So we define scalar magnetic
potential with a condition:
 Further Requirements on the Scalar Magnetic Potential

The other Maxwell equation involving magnetic field must also be

satisfied. This is:
in free space

Therefore:

..and so the scalar magnetic potential satisfies Laplace’s equation

(again with the restriction that current density must be zero:
Vector Magnetic Potential

We make use of the Maxwell equation:

.. and the fact that the divergence of the curl of any

vector field is identically zero (show this!)

This leads to the definition of the

magnetic vector potential, A:

Thus:

and Ampere’s Law becomes

Equation for the Vector Potential

We start with:

Then, introduce a vector identity that

defines the vector Laplacian:

Using a (lengthy) procedure it can be proven that

We are therefore left with

Expressions for Potential
Consider a differential elements, shown here. On the left
is a point charge represented by a differential length of
line charge. On the right is a differential current element.
The setups for obtaining potential are identical between
the two cases.
Line Charge Line Current

Scalar Electrostatic Potential Vector Magnetic Potential

 General Expressions for Vector Potential
For large scale charge or current distributions,
we would sum the differential contributions by
integrating over the charge or current, thus:

and

The closed path integral is taken because the

current must close on itself to form a complete
circuit.
For surface or volume current distributions,
we would have, respectively:

or

he same manner that we used for scalar electric potential.