TABLE OF

CONTENT

WHAT IS PHYSICS? SCOPE OF PHYSICS

01  Study of why? 02  Explore the various applications of
Physics.

FUNDAMENTAL FORCES NATURE OF LAWS

03  Gravitational Force 04  Conserved Quantities
 Electromagnetic Force  Types of Conserved Quantities
 Nuclear Forces
WHAT IS
PHYSICS
INTRODUCTION

Physics is the natural science that refers to

the study of nature and its laws! It is like a
chess game and we’re the observers…
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD  Systematic observation
 Controlled experiments
 Qualitative and Quantitative
reasoning
 Mathematical Modelling
 Prediction and verification of theories
 Speculation
TWO PRINCIPLE
APPROACHES
UNIFICATIO
N
Attempt to explain diverse physical phenomena with few
concepts and laws is called Unification.

REDUCTIO
N
Attempt to explain a bigger system in terms of its
microscopic constituents (smaller units) is called
Reduction.
SCOPE
OF
PHYSICS
 The scope of physics is really vast and it
covers a tremendous range of magnitude
’S
T H AT
LY
REAL of physical quantities like length, mass,
…
VA S T
time, etc…
So, it is classified into two domains.
TWO DOMAINS OF PHYSICS

M AC R O S C O P I C MicROSCOPIC
The word macroscopic itself The word microscopic itself
means BIG. It includes means small. It includes
phenomena at the laboratry, phenomena at the molecular,
terrestrial and astronomical atomic and nuclear scales
scales
MACROSCOPIC
DOMAIN
It is mainly dealt by classical physics which
includes,
1. Mechanics – It is based on Newton’s laws of motion and the laws of
gravitation. It is concerned with motion/equilibrium of particles, rigid and
deformable bodies and general system of particles.

 Propulsion of rocket by ejecting gases

Concern – Taking care or dealing about something.
 Water/Sound waves
Equilibrium – A state of balance where net force is
 Equilibrium of bent rod under a load zero.
Rigid – Anything that is very hard or strong.
Deformable – Ability to change shape when force is
applied.
2. Electrodynamics – It deals with electric and Ionos
phere
magnetic phenomena associated with charged part o - T he
f atmo ionize
d
spher
and magnetic bodies. e whe
meets re it
vacuu
m.

 Force on a current-carrying conductor in a

magnetic field
 The response of a circuit to an AC voltage
 The working of antenna
 Propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere
 3. Optics – It deals with 4. Thermodynamics – It deals
phenomena involving light.
with systems in equilibrium and
changes in internal energy,
 Reflection and refraction of light
temperature, entropy etc. of
 Dispersion of light through a
systems under application of
prism
external force or heat.
 Colour exhibited by thin films

Entropy – A measure of the amount of  Efficiency of heat engines

heat energy that can’t be converted into  Direction of physical and
work of a physical system.
chemical process
MICROSCOPIC
DOMAIN
N i e ls Bohr, a
I am
I t’s me who
It is mainly dealt by quantum physic m physics
i st .
quroapnotsued Quantum
p
physics which includes phenomena r y fo r first tim
e.
theo
at minute scales like atomic,
molecular and nuclear. It also deals
with interaction of probes like
electrons, photons and other
elementary particles.
DOMAIN
COMPARISON 1026

8
10-1

Size
scale
FUNDAMENT
AL FORCES
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

The force that acts between particles which

have mass. This force is always attractive
and is very weak unless the masses involved
are large. It is a universal force.

• It governs, Motion of moon around earth.

• Motion of bodies falling to the earth.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FORCE
The force between charged particles. This force
can be attractive or repulsive.

• If charges are at rest, unlike charges attract

and like charges repel. (Coulomb’s law)
• If charges are at motion, it produces magnetic
effects and magnetic field gives rise to a force
on moving charge.
STRONG NUCLEAR
FORCE

Strongest of all forces but the range is very

small. It binds protons and neutrons in a
nucleus against the electrostatic force.
WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE

It is a weak force. It controls interaction

between leptons and hadrons. It allows
protons to turn into neutrons and vice-versa, this
is called Beta Decay.

Application of weak force,

• Nuclear Fusion in stars.
• Nuclear weapons and reactors.
Unification of Forces
Unification is common in physics. For centuries many physicist have been trying to
combine the fundamental forces in one or other way.

For Example: With discovery that light is an electromagnetic wave, Maxwell unified
Electromagnetism and Optics.

Leptons & Hadrons

Leptons are made up of fundamental particles such as electrons. These particles do
not experience string nuclear force,

Hadrons consists of quarks such as proton, neutron, mesons and baryons. These
particles experience strong nuclear force.
NATURE
OF LAWS
CONSERVED FREE FALL
QUANTITIES Motion of a falling body
under the influence of
acceleration due to gravity.
We know physics gives laws to summarize
a natural phenomena which involve
quantities such as length, time, POTENTIAL ENERGY
temperature, etc… The energy stored in a body
under a specific
environment. (PE)
Conserved Quantities: Physical
quantities that remain constant
KINETIC ENERGY
(unchanged) with time are called
Energy possessed by an
(Total Energy)
conserved quantities.
moving object. (EK)
CONSERVATION LAWS

These laws are hypothesis based on experiments and observation which can’t
proved. But these can be verified by experiments.

Before hitting
Potential Energy >
0

After hitting the ground, the energy gets converted

into
Kinetic energy + heat energy + sound energy

Hypothesis – An idea that is believed to be true for a situation but cannot be

Law of conservation of
(Refer the above page for diagram)
Energy

According to the
law, “Energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed, it can converted from one form to
other”
• The law of conservation of energy applies to the whole universe
and it is believed that the total energy of the universe remains
unchanged.

• The nature produces symmetric results at different time.

For Example: You perform an activity in your school lab now and if you perform the
same activity after one year you’ll get the same results.
Law of conservation of
Mass
This law or principle is almost similar to law of conservation of energy
and it is used to analyze the chemical reaction. A Chemical Reaction
is basically the rearrangement of atoms among different molecules.

Exothermic – The total energy present in the molecules of reactants are

lesser than the molecules of product. So, the difference is released as
heat.

Endothermic – The total energy present in the molecules of products are

lesser than the molecules of reactants. So, the difference is absorbed as
heat.

Total Mass of Reactants = Total Mass of

Products
Law of conservation of Linear
Momentum
The similarity of nature of laws across the universe with respect to
displacement in space is called as law of conservation of linear
momentum.

Law of conservation of Angular

Momentum
ON

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