Analog signals

An analog signal is a continuous-time signal that varies in amplitude, frequency, or phase,

representing physical measurements or phenomena.

Types of Analog Signals:

 Voltage signals (e.g., 0-10V, 4-20mA)  Pressure signals (e.g., pressure transducer)
 Current signals (e.g., 4-20mA)  Audio signals (e.g., sound waves)
 Temperature signals (e.g., thermocouple)

Digital Signals
A digital signal is a discrete-time signal represented by binary values (0s and 1s), which can only
take on specific discrete values.

Types of Analog Signals:

 Binary signals (0s and 1s)  Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
 Pulse-width modulation (PWM)  Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
 Pulse-position modulation (PPM)
 Analog signals: 0…10 V vs. 4…20 mA
0…10 V 4…20 mA
Advantages: 1. High resolution 1. Insensitive to voltage drop
2. Low noise susceptibility 2. High noise immunity
3. Wide dynamic range 3. Long cable runs possible
4. Simple wiring 4. Easy to isolate
Disadvantage 1. Voltage drop issues 1. Lower resolution
s 2. Limited current capability 2. Current limitation (4-20mA)
3. Susceptible to electromagnetic 3. Requires current-limiting resistors
interference (EMI)
Typical 1. Control signals (e.g., valve control) 1. Industrial control systems
Applications: 2. Measurement signals (e.g., temperature, 2. Process measurement (e.g., flow,
pressure) level)
3. Audio signals 3. Sensor outputs (e.g., temperature,
pressure)
Parameter 0-10V 4-20mA
Resolution High Lower
Noise Immunity Low High
Cable Run Short Long
Current Limitation No Yes (4-20mA)
Voltage Drop Issue No issue
EMI Susceptibility High Low
 4-20mA Communication Types Examples of non-HART 4-20mA devices:
1. Analog 4-20mA (purely analog) 1. Simple transmitters (e.g., temperature,
2. HART (Hybrid: analog + digital) pressure)
3. Foundation Fieldbus (FF) 2. Analog controllers
4. Profibus PA 3. Valve positioners
5. Other proprietary protocols 4. Some industrial sensors

HART (Hybrid): Examples of HART-enabled 4-20mA

1. Analog 4-20mA + digital communication devices:
2. Transmits process value + device information 5. Smart transmitters (e.g., temperature,
(e.g., tag number, description) pressure)
3. Supports device configuration, diagnostics, and 6. Field devices with diagnostics (e.g.,
measurement vibration sensors)
7. Intelligent valve controllers
8. Some industrial automation systems
Key differences:
1. Analog 4-20mA is purely analog, while HART adds
digital communication.
2. 2. HART requires specific hardware and software
support.
In summary:- # Not all 4-20mA communications are HART. # Analog 4-20mA devices do not
support HART. # HART is a specific protocol that adds digital communication to analog 4-
20mA.
Current-Loop
18Kg Wire
 Modbus Types:
1. Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) 2. Modbus ASCII
3. Modbus TCP/IP

4. Modbus Plus 5. Modbus II

Modbus RTU: Modbus Plus:

1. Serial communication (RS-232, RS-485) 1. Token-passing protocol
2. Binary transmission 2. 1 Mbps speed
3. 8-bit data, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit 3. Deterministic communication
4. CRC-16 error checking
Modbus II:
Modbus ASCII: 4. Object-oriented protocol
5. Serial communication (RS-232, RS-485) 5. Enhanced security features
6. Text-based transmission 6. Larger address space
7. 7-bit data, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit
8. LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check) error checking

Modbus TCP/IP:
9. Ethernet communication (TCP/IP)
10.Modbus RTU over TCP/IP
11.10/100 Mbps speeds
 Modbus Communication Modbus Device Types:
Modes: 1. Slave devices (e.g., sensors,
1. Master-Slave actuators)
2. Multi-Master 2. Master devices (e.g., PLCs, HMIs)
3. Broadcast 3. Gateways (e.g., serial to Ethernet)

Modbus Function Codes:

1. Read Coils (0x01)
2. Read Registers (0x03)
3. Write Single Register (0x06)
4. Write Multiple Registers
(0x10)
5. Read Input Registers (0x04)
6. Read Holding Registers
(0x03)
Industry Applications:
1. Industrial automation 2. Process control 3. Building automation
4. SCADA systems
&
5. IoT devices
 Developed By

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

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