Slipped Unslipped

DISLOCATIONS AND SLIP
 The theoretical shear stress for slip is many times greater than the
experimentally observed stress, i.e. τc. The low value of τc can be
accounted for by the movement of dislocations.
Consider the edge dislocation, this could be formed in a different
way as follows: cut a slot along AEFD in the crystal shown in figure and
displace the top surface of the cut AEFD one lattice spacing over the
bottom surface in the direction AB.
 An extra half plane
EFGH and dislocation
line FE are formed.
(a) (b)
 This approach demonstrates
that the dislocation can be defined
as the boundary between the slipped and unslipped parts of the crystal.
 A part from the immediate region around the dislocation core FE, the
atoms across AEFD are in perfect registry.
 The distortion due to the dislocations in Figure has been described by
giving all points on one side of an imagined cut AEFD in Fig.
The same displacement relative to points on the other side; this
displacement is the Burgers vector.
 These defects are Volterra dislocations, named after the Italian
mathematician who first considered such distortions.
 Only a relatively small applied stress is required to move the

dislocation along the plane ABCD of the crystal in the way demonstrated
in Fig.
 Well away from the dislocation, the atom spacings are close to the
perfect crystal values, and a shear stress as high as the theoretical value
would be required to slide them all past each other at the same time.
 Near the dislocation line itself, some atom spacings are far from the
ideal values, and small relative changes in position of only a few atoms
are required for the dislocation to move.
For example, a small shift of atom 1 relative to atoms 2 and 3 in Fig. (a)
effectively moves the extra half plane from x to y (Fig. (b)),
and this process is repeated as the dislocation continues to glide (Figs
(c), (d)).
 The applied stress required to overcome the lattice resistance to the
movement of the dislocation is the Peierls Nabarro stress and is much
smaller than the theoretical shear stress of a perfect crystal.
 Thus, the slip direction is necessarily always parallel to the Burgers
vector of the dislocation responsible for slip.
 The glide of one dislocation across the

slip plane to the surface of the crystal
produces a surface step equal to the
Burgers vector.
 Each surface step produced by a slip

band in Fig. must have been produced
by the glide of many thousands of
dislocations, each contributing a step
(equal to the Burgers vector) to the
overall step.
THE SLIP PLANE
In Fig. the edge dislocation has moved in the plane
ABCD which is the slip plane.
This is uniquely defined as the plane which contains
both the line and the Burgers vector of the
dislocation.
 The glide of an edge dislocation is limited, therefore, to a specific
plane.
 The movement of a screw dislocation, for example from AA' to BB' in
Fig., can also be imagined to take place in a slip plane, i.e. LMNO, and a
slip step is formed.
 However, the line of the screw
dislocation and the Burgers vector do not
define a unique plane and the glide of the
dislocation is not restricted to a specific
plane.
 It will be noted that the displacement of atoms and hence the slip
step associated with the movement of a screw dislocation is parallel to
the dislocation line and its Burgers vector.
 This can be demonstrated

further by considering the
atoms above and below a slip
plane containing a screw
dislocation (Fig.). Movement
of the screw dislocation
produces a displacement b
parallel to the dislocation line.
Arrangement of atoms around a screw dislocation.
Open circles above plane of diagram, filled circles
below (for right handed screw).
 The direction in which a dislocation glides under stress can be
determined by physical reasoning.
 Consider material under an applied shear stress (Fig.(a)) so that it
deforms plastically by glide in the manner indicated in Fig.(b).
Plastic deformation by glide of edge dislocation

 A dislocation responsible for this deformation must have its Burgers
vector in the direction shown.
 It is seen from Figs (c) and (d) that a positive edge dislocation glides to
the left in order that the extra half plane produces a step on the left
hand face as indicated, whereas a negative edge dislocation glides to the
right.
 A right handed screw glides towards the front in order to extend the
surface step in the required manner (Fig. (e)), whereas a left handed
screw glides towards the back (Fig. (f)).
Plastic deformation by glide of screw dislocation
 These observations demonstrate that

(a) Dislocations of opposite sign glide in opposite directions under the
same stress, as expected of physical opposites
(b) For dislocation glide a shear stress must act on the slip plane in the
direction of the Burgers vector, irrespective of the direction of the
dislocation line.
 It has been assumed so far that the moving dislocations remain
straight. However, dislocations are generally bent and irregular,
particularly after plastic deformation.
 A more general shape of a
dislocation is shown in Fig. (a).
The boundary separating the slipped
and unslipped regions of the crystal is
curved, i.e. the dislocation is curved,
but the Burgers vector is the same all
along its length.
 It follows that at point E the dislocation line is normal to the vector

and is therefore pure edge and at S is parallel to the vector and is pure
screw.
 The remainder of the dislocation (M) has a mixed edge and screw
character.
 The Burgers vector b of a mixed dislocation,
XY in Fig. (b), can be resolved into two
components by regarding the dislocation as two
coincident dislocations; a pure edge with vector
b1 of length bsinθ at right angles to XY, and a
pure screw with vector b2 of length bcosθ
parallel to XY:
CROSS SLIP
 In general, screw dislocations tend to move in certain crystallographic
planes.
 Thus in face centered cubic metals the screw dislocations move in
{111} type planes, but can switch from one {111} type plane to another
if it contains the direction of b. This process is known as cross slip.
 In Fig. (a) a dislocation line,
Burgers vector is
gliding to the left in the
(111) plane under the action
of an applied shear stress.
 The only other {111} plane
containing this slip vector is
 Suppose that as the loop

expands the local stress field
which is producing dis-location Sequence of events (a), (b), (c) in cross slip in a face-
centered cubic metal. The direction is common
motion changes so that motion is to the (111) and close packed planes. A screw
preferred on instead of dislocation at S is free to glide in either of these
planes. Cross slip produces a non planar slip surface.
(111). Double cross slip is shown in (d).
 Unlike edge and mixed dislocations, which have a unique glide plane,
a pure screw segment is free to move in both and (111) planes
and so cross slip can occur at S (Fig. b).
 Glide of the dislocation then occurs on the plane (Fig. (c)). Double
cross slip is illustrated in Fig. (d).
 Slip often wanders from one plane to another producing wavy slip
lines on prepolished surfaces. An example of the result of cross slip is
shown in Fig.
Cross slip on the polished surface of a single crystal of 3.25 per

cent silicon iron.

Slipped Unslipped

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DISLOCATIONS AND SLIP

 Only a relatively small applied stress is required to move the

 The glide of one dislocation across the

 Each surface step produced by a slip

 This can be demonstrated

Plastic deformation by glide of edge dislocation

Plastic deformation by glide of screw dislocation

 These observations demonstrate that

 It follows that at point E the dislocation line is normal to the vector

 Suppose that as the loop

Cross slip on the polished surface of a single crystal of 3.25 per

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