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MBM5

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5 views9 pages

MBM5

Uploaded by

amna.noor2840
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Yielding Under Multiaxial Loading Conditions

 Descriptions of material behavior under uniaxial or tensile loading is


convenient for describing the fundamentals of behavior in the absence
of complexities associated with multiaxial loading.

 In actual service most materials are subjected to a variety of loading


conditions (e.g., biaxial or triaxial stresses), and material response may
be profoundly altered by such variations.

 The relative tendency of a material to deform plastically rather than


to fracture depends strongly on the state of stress.

 In general, a material may be expected to be subject to a combination


of external and internal normal (i.e., tensile or compressive) and shear
stresses.
 A suitable set of orthogonal coordinates can be chosen so that the
stress state in this reference frame consists only of normal stresses
referred as principal stresses. We designate these axes as 1, 2, and 3 and
the corresponding normal stresses as σ1, σ2, and σ3.
 One, criterion for yielding under multiaxial loading is due to Tresca.
It states that plastic yielding commences when the algebraic difference
between the maximum and minimum normal stresses is equal to the
material's tensile yield strength, σy, i.e.,

The Tresca yield criterion


conditions for biaxial loading
, is shown
schematically in Fig. a.
 The yield condition is such that stress combinations lying within the
yield locus shown in the figure do not lead to plastic flow, whereas those
lying without it do.
 Yielding in the first quadrant is defined when the
greater of σ1, σ2 equals σy. This follows from Eq., since σ3 = 0; therefore
σmax (= greater of σ1, σ2 ) = σy

 Yielding in the second quadrant is defined by


for in this case and This leads to
the 45° line defining the yield criterion in the second quadrant.
 Except for the interchange of σ1 and σ2, the yield criterion in the
fourth quadrant is the same as in the second.
 In the third quadrant is the algebraically
maximum stress, and thus yielding is initiated when the magnitude of
the algebraically minimum stress equals
and vice versa).
 There are several interesting aspects of the Tresca yield condition.
One is that the yield criterion is the same in tension as in compression;
e.g., for defines yielding.

 Note that for tensile biaxial loading (σ1, σ2 > 0) the yield condition is
unaffected by the minor tensile stress.
For example, if we initially have a stress state
and then increase σ2, the yield condition remains so long as

This somewhat leads to unexpected results at variance with


experimental studies.
Indeed, a different yield criterion, the von Mises one, which predicts
that yielding in the first quadrant is a function of both σ1, and σ2 is
generally more accurate than the Tresca one for predicting yielding
under multiaxial stress states.
von Mises Yield Criterion
The von Mises yield criterion is expressed as

The condition states that yielding


will not take place for principal
stress combinations such that the
left hand side of Eq. is less than σy,
but that flow will occur if it is
greater than σy

 The yield locus under biaxial


loading for the von Mises condition
is illustrated in Fig.
 It is to be noted that it is an ellipse in the σ1, σ2 plane,
and the von Mises and the Tresca conditions are equivalent only for
uniaxial loading and
balanced biaxial loading (σ1 = σ2, σ3 = 0)

 As noted, the yield loci of Figs. are


appropriate to a situation where
one of the principal stresses is zero.
Both the Tresca and von Mises yield
criteria also apply to the situation
where this is not the case.

 When this is so, the criteria can be


graphically displayed in three-
dimensional principal stress space.
Strain Hardening Coefficient
 Equation describing Hook’s law is a constitutive
equation relating strain and stress during linear elastic tensile loading.
There is a fundamental basis relating to chemical bond strength that
defines the form of this equation.

 Similar efforts have been made to develop fundamental constitutive


equations relating stress and plastic strain.
However, the diversity of phenomena taking place during plastic
deformation, and the degree to which these vary among materials has
limited the usefulness of such descriptions.
A number of empirical equations have been found to describe
plastic flow behavior satisfactorily. One of the most common relates
true stress and true strain by

(1)
where n, the strain hardening coefficient, is a measure of the material's
work hardening behavior and K is called the strength coefficient.

 There is no physical significance to K; it can be thought of simply as


the true stress required to cause a true strain of unity.

On the other hand, and as expected, n correlates with a material's


resistance to necking.
For metals at ordinary temperatures, n is in the range from 0.02 to
about 0.50.

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